tsstssESaSm 


HX00026360 

PHYSIOLOGY  AT  HAEYAED 


BY 


WILLIAM  TOWNSEND   PORTER,  M.D. 

ASSOCIATE    PROFESSOR   OF   PHYSIOLOGY   IN    THE 
HARVARD  MEDICAL  SCHOOL 


THIRD  EDITION 


THE   UNIVERSITY  PRESS 

1904 


W3^ 

;4 


Copyright,  1904 

By  William  T.  Porter 


PKEEACE   TO   THE   THIKD   EDITION 


This  book  is  written  to  explain  a  new  method 
of  teaching,  sound  in  theory  and  feasible  in 
practice ;  to  provide  the  Harvard  Medical  School 
with  a  precise  account  of  the  work  done  by  each 
student  in  Physiology;  and  to  create  for  stu- 
dents and  instructors  alike  a  working-plan  by 
which  they  may  find  their  way  unvexed  through 
much  detail. 


Digitized  by  the  Internet  Archive 

in  2010  with  funding  from 
Columbia  University  Libraries 


http://www.archive.org/details/physiologyatharv1904port 


CONTENTS 
I 

The  New  Method 

Page 

The  New  Method 1 

Wats  and  Means 4 

Courses  offered  in  1903-1904 8 

IT 

The  First- Year  Course 

Instruction  given  Each  Student 10 

Laboratory  Experiments 11 

List  of  Experiments  performed 12 

Laboratory  Note-Book 26 

Conference     ' 27 

Written  Tests 27 

Lectures  and  other  Didactic  Exercises 29 

Lectures  given  in  1904 30 

Special  Demonstrations 33 

Recitations 34 

Theses  and  the  Reading  of  Investigations      ...  34 

Theses  discussed  in  1904 35 

Theses  not  discussed  in  1904 36 

Bibliographies  for  the  Theses  discussed  in  1904    .  41 

Calendar,  1904 60 

General  Instructions  to  Students 69 

Instructions  for  Thesis 71 

Examinations 74 


VU1  CONTENTS 

III 

Page 

The  Fourth- Year  Elective  Course 81 

IV 

Physiological  Research 82 

V 

The  Summer  Course 88 

APPENDIX 

Apparatus 89 

Articles  for  the  First- Year  Course 90 

Requisition  Blank 102 

Receipt  for  First  Issue  op  Apparatus 102 

First  Issue  op  Apparatus 103 

Second  Issue  op  Apparatus 105 

Third  Issue  of  Apparatus 106 

First  Return  of  Apparatus 107 

Fourth  Issue  of  Apparatus 108 

Fifth  Issue  of  Apparatus .    .    .    .  109 

Second  Return  of  Apparatus 110 

Materials  for  Experiments  on  Fermentation    .    .  Ill 

Materials  for  Experiments  on  Blood 113 

Return  of  Locker  Key 114 

Third  Return  of  Apparatus 115 

Apparatus  liable  to  be  broken 117 


PHYSIOLOGY  AT  HARVARD 


THE  NEW  METHOD 

The  new  method  of  teaching  physiology  proposed 
in  the  Boston  Medical  and  Surgical  Journal* 
December  29,  1898,  and  more  fully  explained  in 
the  Philadelphia  Medical  Journal}  September  1, 
1900,  was  adopted  by  the  Harvard  Medical  School 
in  1899. 

The  traditional  method  of  teaching  physiology 
consists  of  a  systematic  course  of  lectures  illus- 
trated by  occasional  demonstrations.  For  thirty 
years  or  more,  especially  in  England,  this  didactic 
teaching  has  been  further  illustrated  by  certain 
experiments  performed  by  the  students  them- 
selves. Laboratory  experiments,  therefore,  have 
long  been  a  valued  part  of  the  instruction  in 
physiology  in  many  universities.  When  the 
new  method  of  teaching  was  introduced  in  the 
Harvard  Medical  School,  and  two  hundred  stu- 
dents worked  daily  in  the  physiological  labora- 
tories, it  was  said  that  this  was  only  doing  in  a 
large  way  that  which  had  been  done  in  a  small 

1  Porter,  W.  T. :  The  teaching  of  physiology  in  medical 
schools,  Boston  Medical  and  Surgical  Journal,  December  29, 
1898,  pp.  647-652. 

2  Porter,  W.  T. :  The  teaching  of  physiology,  Philadelphia 
Medical  Journal,  September  1,  1900. 

1 


2  PHYSIOLOGY  AT  HARVARD 

way  for  many  years.  The  enterprise  was  held  to 
be  valuable  because  it  showed  that  large  numbers 
of  first-year  medical  students  could  be  carried 
simultaneously  through  a  long  series  of  experi- 
ments many  of  which  had  been  thought  beyond 
their  powers ;  it  was  a  lesson  in  faith  and  an 
example  of  administration,  but  nothing  more. 

It  will  be  obvious  that  this  criticism  is  based 
upon  a  misapprehension.  The  new  method  is 
not  an  extension  of  the  old.  It  is  a  fundamen- 
tally different  process.  The  old  method  is  chiefly 
didactic.  The  new  is  a  systematic  course  of 
experiment  and  observation  by  the  student  him- 
self. In  the  old  the  student  rests  upon  the  dic- 
tum of  the  professor  and  the  text-book.  In  the 
new  he  relies  upon  the  fundamental  experiments 
done  with  his  own  hands.  In  the  old  his  experi- 
ments follow  the  lecture  and  attempt  to  verify 
its  statements.  In  the  new  the  lecture  follows 
his  experiments  and  discusses  them  in  relation 
to  the  work  of  other  observers.  In  the  old 
the  stress  is  upon  the  didactic  teaching.  In  the 
new  the  stress  is  upon  observation.  Under  the 
old  method,  students  in  the  Harvard  Medical 
School  used  to  ask,  "Who  is  the  authority  for 
that  statement  ? "  Under  the  new,  they  ask, 
"  What  is  the  experimental  evidence  ? "  The  old 
method  insensibly  teaches  men  to  depend  upon 
authority,  but  the  new  directs  them  to  nature. 

In  the  old  method  the  experiments  performed 
by  the  students  are  almost  exclusively  such  as 
are  quickly  and  easily  done,  for  example,  the 
simpler  experiments  in  the  physiology  of  muscle 
and  of  the  circulation  of  the  blood.     They  are 


THE   NEW  METHOD  3 

intended  to  illustrate  physiological  experimenta- 
tion rather  than  to  disclose  step  by  step  the 
groundwork  of  the  science  of  physiology. 

In  the  new  method,  on  the  contrary,  the  fun- 
damental experiments  and  observations  which 
form  the  solid  ground  in  every  field  of  physiology 
are  divided  into  sufficiently  small  groups  and 
arranged  in  the  most  instructive  sequence.  With 
the  fundamental  experiment  of  each  group  are 
placed  the  accessory  data.  The  meaning  of  this 
term  will  be  clear  from  the  following  example. 
Consider  the  function  of  the  roots  of  spinal 
nerves.  The  fundamental  experiment  here  is 
Johannes  Muller's  well-known  section  and  stim- 
ulation of  the  nerve-roots.  The  accessory  data 
are  such  of  the  observations  and  opinions  of  his 
successors  as  are  necessary  to  give  a  clear  picture 
of  the  present  state  of  knowledge  of  this  subject. 
The  student  makes  for  himself  the  fundamental 
observation,  and  immediately  afterward  considers 
the  accessory  data  provided  in  text-book  and  lec- 
ture. He  proceeds  systematically  from  the  funda- 
mental experiment  and  accessory  data  of  one 
group  to  those  of  the  next,  in  an  ordered  and 
logical  series. 

The  fundamental  experiment  and  the  accessory 
data  are  taken  as  directly  as  possible  from  the 
original  sources,  and  the  reference  is  given  in 
each  case. 

It  should  be  observed  that  this  new  method 
serves  for  the  instruction  of  all  students,  from 
beginners  to  those  engaged  in  research.  The 
beginner  performs  the  fundamental  experiment 
in  each  group  and  studies  the  accessory  data. 


4  PHYSIOLOGY  AT  HARVAKD 

The  advanced  student  performs  the  fundamental 
experiments  and  as  many  of  the  accessory  experi- 
ments as  may  give  him  the  special  training  he 
desires.  The  research  student  has  before  him 
the  classical  observations  and  the  original  sources 
of  the  problem  he  has  chosen. 

It  should  be  noticed  also  that  the  new  need 
not  violently  push  aside  the  old  method  of  in- 
struction, but  may  replace  it  chapter  by  chapter 
as  the  means  and  the  energy  of  the  instructors 
shall  permit. 

It  has  been  urged  against  the  new  method  that 
there  are  fundamental  experiments  which  require 
more  time  than  the  student  can  possibly  give,  or 
which  are  too  complicated  to  be  successfully 
performed  by  him.  The  number  of  these  has 
certainly  been  much  exaggerated,  and  is  daily 
lessened  by  inventions  that  secure  simplicity 
without  loss  of  accuracy.  Pending  such  labor- 
saving  inventions,  the  experiments  which  con- 
sume much  time  may  well  be  done  by  committees 
of  students,  and  the  results  reported  to  the  entire 
class,  who  will  compare  them  with  the  account 
given  by  the  original  discoverers. 

Ways  and  Means 

The  new  method  requires : 

1.  Printed  accounts  of  the  fundamental  experi- 
ments and  observations  in  physiology,  taken  from 
the  original  sources,  and  arranged  in  the  most 
instructive  sequence.  The  reference  to  the  origi- 
nal source  should  be  given  in  each  case. 

2.  Accessory  data  grouped  about  the  fundamen- 


THE    NEW   METHOD  5 

tal  experiments.  The  accessory  data  should  also 
be  taken  as  directly  as  possible  from  the  original 
sources,  and  the  reference  given  in  each  case. 

3.  Apparatus  of  precision  designed  with  the 
utmost  simplicity  upon  lines  that  permit  its 
manufacture  in  large  quantities  at  small  cost. 

It  is  obvious  that  these  conditions  cannot  be 
met  without  prolonged  labor.  Collections  of 
fundamental  and  accessory  experiments  in  sev- 
eral fields  have  been  printed  in  an  abbreviated 
form  for  the  temporary  use  of  Harvard  Medical 
students  and  other  interested  persons.1  These 
collections  are  being  completed  and  improved  as 
rapidly  as  possible,  and  the  data  for  the  remain- 
ing fields  are  being  brought  together.  In  its 
final  form  this  material  will  constitute  "  A  Labo- 
ratory Text-book  of  Physiology."  2 

Especial  consideration  should  be  given  to  the 
apparatus  for  the  laboratory  teaching  of  large 
numbers  of  students.  The  making  of  physio- 
logical apparatus  distinguished  by  simplicity  of 
design,  sound  workmanship,  and  low  cost  is  at 

1  Porter,  W.  T.  :  An  Introduction  to  Physiology.  Part  I. 
The  Physiology  of  Muscle  and  Nerve,  pp.  1-235.  Second 
edition,  January,  1901.  Part  II.  The  Circulation,  pp.  237- 
314.  Parts  I  and  II  are  bound  together  in  green  cloth. 
Part  III.  The  Spinal  Cord  and  Brain,  in  preparation.  Part  IV. 
Physiological  Optics,  pp.  1-99.  Bound  in  gray  paper.  Pend- 
ing the  publication  of  the  remaining  parts  of  the  Introduction 
to  Physiology  and  of  the  Laboratory  Text-book  of  Physiology, 
the  experiments  not  mentioned  in  Parts  I,  II,  and  IV,  of  the 
Introduction,  and  now  performed  by  Harvard  students,  are 
printed  in  Experiments  for  Harvard  Medical  Students,  1903, 
third  edition,  and  in  supplemental  sheets.  These  deal  more  or 
less  fully  with  the  spinal  cord,  brain,  cutaneous  sensations,  taste, 
vision,  metabolism,  respiration,  blood,  and  fermentation. 

2  This  title  is  copyrighted. 


6  PHYSIOLOGY  AT   HARVARD 

present  of  high  importance  to  the  development 
of  physiology.  The  ordinary  student  of  physi- 
ology is  essentially  a  book  man,  while  the  pro- 
fessional physiologist  is  essentially  a  laboratory 
man.  Student  and  professor  should  go  the  same 
path, —  the  only  road  that  ever  has  led  or  ever  will 
lead  to  a  sound  knowledge  of  a  natural  science. 
Few  steps  can  be  taken  along  this  road  without 
apparatus  of  precision.  Physiological  apparatus 
has  heretofore  been  made  upon  the  "  model "  plan, 
each  piece  for  itself,  without  regard  to  the  num- 
ber of  mechanical  "  operations  "  required,  and 
with  little  or  no  thought  as  to  the  subsequent 
maintenance  of  the  apparatus  in  good  condition. 
The  Harvard  Medical  School  requires  more  than 
one  hundred  duplicates  of  each  apparatus,  for 
example  more  than  one  hundred  kymographs, 
more  than  one  hundred  inductoriums,  etc.  The 
course  now  given  requires  the  issue  of  at  least 
twenty-five  thousand  articles,  and  this  number 
increases  steadily  with  the  increase  in  the  experi- 
mental work.  It  is  clear  that  the  cost  of  such 
an  equipment  made  on  the  old  lines  would  be 
beyond  the  means  of  any  large  school.  Hence, 
the  sound  training  of  large  classes  in  physiology 
depends  absolutely  upon  the  invention  of  appara- 
tus that  shall  serve  for  exact  experimentation, 
i.  e.  the  repetition  of  classical  experiments,  and 
that  shall  also  be  designed  with  reference  (1)  to 
its  "  manufacture,"  (2)  to  its  storage  and  issue, 
and  (3)  to  its  maintenance  in  good  condition. 
By  "  manufacture  "  is  meant  technically  the  mak- 
ing of  a  number  of  pieces  of  the  same  apparatus 
consecutively,  by  preference  upon  special  lathes 


THE   NEW  METHOD  7 

and  with  special  tools.  Thus  in  the  machine  shop 
of  the  Harvard  Physiological  Laboratory  the  parts 
of  five  hundred  moist  chambers  were  made  at 
one  time.  For  economy,  the  number  of  steps  or 
"  operations  "  should  be  the  fewest  possible,  as 
each  operation  must  be  repeated  many  times,  — 
five  hundred  times  in  the  example  just  given. 
The  labor  of  setting  a  turret  lathe  which  will 
make  eight  consecutive  operations  upon  the  same 
piece  of  metal  is  as  great  for  one  piece  as  for  a 
thousand.  Astonishing  economies  may  also  be 
secured  by  the  use  of  special  automatic  tools. 

Further,  it  is  essential  that  the  apparatus 
be  compact,  and  that  important  parts  be  protected 
so  that  they  may  not  be  injured  when  the  appara- 
tus is  handled  rapidly  by  persons  of  small  ex- 
perience. Storage  and  issue  must  be  carefully 
studied  to  prevent  hopeless  confusion  and  the 
rapid  deterioration  of  the  plant. 

Finally,  the  apparatus  should  be  designed  with 
special  reference  to  durability  and  cleanliness ; 
otherwise  there  will  be  a  heavy  charge  for 
maintenance. 

The  supply  of  apparatus  of  this  type  bears  the 
same  relation  to  the  advance  of  physiology  that 
the  commissariat  bears  to  the  advance  of  an  army.1 

1  The  Harvard  Physiological  Apparatus  has  been  especially 
devised  for  the  laboratory  teaching  of  large  numbers  of  students. 
It  has  been  described  in  a  special  catalogue,  in  Science,  1901, 
xiv,  pp.  567-570,  and  in  the  Proceedings  of  the  Annual  Meetings 
of  the  American  Physiological  Society,  published  in  the  Amer- 
ican Journal  of  Physiology,  1903,  viii,  and  1904,  x, 


PHYSIOLOGY  AT  HARVARD 


Courses  offered  in  1903-1904 

1.  First- Year  Course. 

2.  Fourth-Year  Elective  Course. 

3.  Kesearch. 

4.  Summer  Course. 


THE   FIRST-YEAR  COURSE 


II 

THE  FIRST-YEAB,  COUKSE 

The  first-year  course  is  required  of  all  students. 
It  is  designed  to  give  the  general  introduction  to 
physiology  that  every  Doctor  of  Medicine  should 
possess.  It  is  valuable  also  to  biologists  not  in- 
tending to  become  physicians.  The  medical  stu- 
dents who  take  this  course  have  spent  the  first 
four  months  of  the  collegiate  year  in  the  study  of 
anatomy,  histology,  and  embryology.  The  morn- 
ings of  the  second  four  months,  February,  March, 
April,  and  May,  are  given  to  physiology,  and 
the  afternoons  to  physiological  and  pathological 
chemistry. 

The  instruction  in  physiology  given  each  stu- 
dent is  shown  in  the  accompanying  tables,  which 
are  followed  by  a  description  of  the  several 
exercises. 


10 


PHYSIOLOGY   AT   HARVARD 


TABLE   I 

Showing  the  Instruction  given  Each  Student  in 
the  First-Year  Course 


Number 

Hours  of 

of  Exer- 

Character of  Exercise. 

Instruc- 

cises. 

tion. 

81 

Laboratory   experiments.      Professors 
Porter  and  Cannon,  and  Dr.  Maxwell. 
Daily,  except  Saturday. 

168 

55 

Conferences.     Professor  Cannon. 

27i 

77 

Written  tests.    Daily,  except  Saturday. 

26 

15 

Written  tests.     Mondays. 

15 

86 

Lectures,  with   demonstrations.     Pro- 
fessors Porter  and  Cannon. 

43 

23 

Special    demonstrations.       Professors 
Porter  and  Cannon  and  Dr.  Maxwell. 

15 

15 

Recitations.   Professor  Bowditch.    Sat- 
urdays. 

15 

43 

Discussion  of  theses.     The  entire  class 
and  the  Staff. 

Thesis.     Written  by  each  student  from 
the  original  sources. 

Reading  of  investigations.     The  read- 
ing of  investigations  in  the  original 
sources  and  the  discussion  of  these 
when  the  theses  upon  the  same  sub- 
jects are  discussed. 

Bibliography.     The  making  of  a  bibli- 
ography of  one  of  the  subjects  listed 
under    "  Theses    not  to    be  read," 
p.  36. 

33 

the  first-year  course  11 

Laboratory  Experiments 

Pairing.  —  Many  of  the  experiments  cannot  be 
done  by  one  person  alone.  Others  are  performed 
more  rapidly  and  with  better  results  by  two 
workers  than  by  one.  Moreover,  discussion  and 
mutual  criticism  are  valuable.  The  class  is  there- 
fore divided  into  pairs.  Students  are  urged  to 
select  their  comrades  for  themselves.  Those  who 
fail  to  choose  are  paired  by  lot.  The  pair  usually 
decides  to  divide  the  experimental  work  so  that 
upon  one  day  the  preparation  of  the  frog,  or  other 
material,  shall  fall  to  one  student,  while  the 
arrangement  of  the  apparatus  shall  fall  to  the 
other ;  the  next  day,  these  duties  are  exchanged. 

Distribution  of  Time.  —  The  sixteen  weeks  of 
experimentation  are  divided  as  follows : 

I.     TJie  General  Properties  of  Living  Tissues. 


Feb. 

1-4. 

Methods  of  stimulation. 

a 

5-9. 

Electrical  stimulation  of  tissues. 

ti 

10-11. 

Chemical  and  mechanical  stimula 
tion. 

a 

12-16. 

Irritability  and  conductivity. 

II. 

The  Income  of  Energy. 

Feb. 

a 

March 
a 

17-26. 
29. 
.    1. 

2-7. 

Fermentation  and  digestion. 

Absorption. 

Lymph. 

Blood. 

u 

8. 

Secretion. 

9. 
10-11. 

Respiratory  exchange. 
Metabolism. 

a 

14. 

Nutrition.     Diet. 

12  PHYSIOLOGY  AT  HARVARD 

III.     The  Outgo  of  Energy. 


March  15. 

Animal  heat. 

"      16-21. 

Electromotive  phenomena. 

"      22-29. 

Change    of     form    in     contractile 

tissues. 

Mar.  30- Apr. 

7.     Spinal  cord  and  brain. 

April      8. 

Sympathetic. 

"       11-12. 

Cutaneous  sensations. 

"       13. 

Taste,  Smell,  Hearing. 

«       14-15. 

Physiological  optics. 

"       25-26. 

Physiological  optics. 

"       27-28. 

Vision. 

"       29. 

Special  muscular  mechanisms.  Res- 

piration. 

May       2-26. 

Circulation. 

"         27. 

Reproduction. 

May  28-June  1.     Practical  examination. 

The  students  who  enter  the  physiological  course 
have  already  studied  the  special  anatomy  of  or- 
gans the  structure  of  which  would  otherwise  be 
described  by  the  physiologist.  This  rational  prep- 
aration materially  shortens  the  time  required  for 
certain  chapters  in  physiology. 

The  space  assigned  the  vegetative  functions  is 
small  because  the  laboratory  work  in  the  chem- 
istry of  the  carbohydrates,  fats,  proteids,  bone, 
cartilage,  and  muscle  is  pursued  at  present  in  the 
Department  of  Chemistry. 

List  of  Experiments 

Following  is  a  complete  list  of  the  experiments. 
Students  are  not  permitted  to  pass  to  a  new  exper- 


THE   FIRST-YEAR   COURSE  13 

iment  until  the  one  in  hand  has  been  performed 
to  the  satisfaction  of  the  instructors.  Only  work 
well  done  is  accepted. 

Methods  of  Stimulation.  —  The  preparation  of 
the  gastrocnemius  muscle,  p.  4.1  The  nerve- 
muscle  preparation,  p.  6.  Galvani's  experiment, 
p.  12.  Make  and  break  induction  currents  as 
stimuli,  p.  40.  Tetanizing  currents,  p.  42.  Ex- 
clusion of  make  or  break  current,  p.  43. 

Electrical  Stimulation  of  Tissues.  —  Opening  and 
closing  contraction,  p.  61.  Changes  in  intensity 
of  stimulus,  Experiment  2,  p.  63.  Polar  stimula- 
tion of  muscle,  Experiment  5,  p.  68.  Tonic  con- 
traction, p.  70.  Physiological  anodes  and  cathodes 
in  rectus  muscle,  p.  72.  Law  of  contraction,  p. 
75.  Changes  in  irritability,  Experiment  1,  p.  79. 
Changes  in  conductivity,  Experiment  2,  p.  85. 
Stimulation  of  human  nerves,  p.  89.  Stimulation 
of  motor  points,  p.  92.  Polar  stimulation  of 
human  nerves,  p.  93.  Eeaction  of  degeneration, 
p.  97.  Influence  of  duration  of  stimulus,  Experi- 
ment 2,  p.  101.  Ehythmic  contraction,  Experi- 
ment 1,  p.  103.  Polar  fatigue,  p.  108.  Polar 
inhibition  by  the  galvanic  current,  Experiment 
1,  p.  114. 

Chemical  and  Mechanical  Stimulation.  —  Effect 
of  distilled  water,  p.  124.  Strong  saline  solutions, 
p.  125.  Drying,  p.  125.  Normal  saline,  p.  126. 
Importance  of  calcium,  p.  126.  Constant  chemi- 
cal stimulation  may  cause  periodic  contraction, 
p.  126.     Mechanical  stimulation,  p.  127. 

Irritability  and  Conductivity.  — The  independent 

1  The  page  numbers  refer  to  "An  Introduction  to  Phy- 
siology." 


14  PHYSIOLOGY  AT  HARVARD 

irritability  of  muscle;  curare  experiment,  p.  132. 
Minimal  and  maximal  stimuli;  threshold  value, 
p.  137.  Summation  of  inadequate  single  stimuli, 
p.  138.  The  same  nerve  fibre  may  conduct  im- 
pulses both  centripetally  and  centrifugally,  Ex- 
periment 1,  p.  145.  Speed  of  nerve  impulse, 
p.  146. 

Additional  Experiments  on  Methods  of  Stimula- 
tion.1—  Surface  tension,  p.  15.  Surface  tension 
altered  by  electrical  energy,  p.  16.  The  cell,  p. 
21.  Electrolysis  of  potassium  iodide,  p.  27. 
Graduation  of  the  electrometer,  p.  28.  Magnetic 
induction,  p.  30.  Magnetic  field;  lines  of  force, 
p.  33.  To  produce  electric  induction,  the  lines  of 
magnetic  force  must  be  cut  by  the  circuit,  p.  33. 
Electromagnetic  induction,  p.  33.  Make  and 
break  induction,  p.  34.  The  inductorium,  pp. 
35-37.  Empirical  graduation  of  inductorium, 
p.  38.  The  extra  currents  at  the  opening  and 
closing  of  the  primary  current,  Experiments  1  and 
2,  pp.  41-42.  Induction  in  nerves,  p.  43.  Uni- 
polar induction,  Experiments  1,  2,  3,  4,  5,  and  6, 
pp.  44-49.  Changes  in  intensity  of  stimulus 
with  indirect  stimulation,  Experiments  1  and  2, 
pp.  63-64.  Polar  stimulation  of  muscle,  Experi- 
ments 1,  2,  3,  and  4,  pp.  65-67.  Polar  stimula- 
tion in  heart ;  monopolar  method,  p.  74.  Changes 
in  irritability,  Experiments  2  and  3,  pp.  79-81. 
Changes  in  conductivity,  Experiment  1,  p.  82. 
Galvanotropism,  p.  98.     Influence  of  duration  of 

1  To  be  begun  only  in  case  the  first  list  is  finished  in  less 
than  the  prescribed  time.  These  additions  comprise  experi- 
ments in  "  An  Introduction  to  Physiology/'  Part  I,  not  included 
in  the  first  list. 


THE   FIRST-YEAR  COURSE  15 

stimulus,  Experiments  1,  3,  4,  and  5,  pp.  100-102. 
Rhythmic  contraction ;  skeletal  muscle,  p.  104. 
Continuous  galvanic  stimulation  of  nerve  may 
cause  the  periodic  discharge  of  nerve  impulses, 
pp.  105-106.  Polarization  current ;  positive  vari- 
ation, p.  107.  Opening  and  closing  tetanus,  Ex- 
periments 1,  2,  3,  and  4,  pp.  108-110.  Polar 
excitation  in  injured  muscle,  p.  112.  Polar  in- 
hibition in  veratrinized  muscle,  p.  116.  Stimula- 
tion affected  by  the  form  of  the  muscle,  p.  117. 
Effect  of  the  angle  at  which  the  current  lines  cut 
the  muscle  fibres,  p.  118.  The  induced  current, 
Experiments  1,  3,  and  4,  pp.  119-121.  Polar 
stimulation  by  the  induced  current,  Experiment 
2,  p.  120. 

Additional  Experiments  on  Chemical  and  Mechan- 
ical Stimulation.  —  Idiomuscular  contraction,  p. 
127. 

Additional  Experiments  on  Irritability  and  Con- 
ductivity.—  Nerve-free  muscle,  p.  130.  Muscle 
with  nerves  degenerated,  p.  131.  The  nerve-free 
embryo  heart,  p.  131.  Irritability  and  conduc- 
tivity are  separate  properties  of  nerve,  Experi- 
ment 1,  p.  134.  Alcohol,  Experiment  2,  p.  136. 
Threshold  value  independent  of  load,  p.  138. 
Relative  excitability  of  flexor  and  extensor  nerve 
fibres;  Ritter-Rollett  phenomenon,  p.  139.  Specific 
irritability  of  nerve  greater  than  that  of  muscle, 
p.  141.  Irritability  at  different  points  of  same 
nerve,  p.  142.  The  excitation  wave  remains  in 
the  muscle  or  nerve  fibre  in  which  it  starts,  p.  143. 
The  same  nerve  fibre  may  conduct  impulses  both 
centripetally  and  centrifugally,  Experiment  2, 
p.  145. 


16  PHYSIOLOGY  AT  HARVARD 

Fermentation  and  Digestion.  —  Conversion  of 
starch,  to  sugar  by  germinating  barley,  pp.  38-39.1 
Conversion  of  starch  to  sugar  by  salivary  dia- 
stase, pp.  39-40.  Extraction  of  diastase  from 
germinating  barley,  p.  40.  Specific  action  of  fer- 
ments, pp.  40-41.  Gastric  digestion  of  cooked 
beef  and  bread,  pp.  41-42.  Artificial  gastric 
juice,  Experiments  1  and  2,  p.  42.  Digestion 
with  artificial  gastric  juice,  p.  43.  Change  of 
proteid  to  peptone  by  pepsin,  p.  44.  Eennin 
extract,  p.  45.  Precipitation  of  casein,  p.  45. 
Experiments  of  Arthus  and-  Pages,  pp.  46-48. 
Buchanan's  experiment,  p.  48.  Extraction  of 
fibrin  ferment,  pp.  48-49.  Extraction  of  fibrino- 
gen, p.  49.  Precipitation  of  fibrinogen  by  fibrin 
ferment,  p.  50.  Ammoniacal  fermentation  of 
urea  by  urease,  Experiments  1,  2,  and  3,  pp. 
50-53.  Extraction  of  urease,  pp.  53-54.  Split- 
ting of  fats  by  pancreatic  juice,  pp.  55-56.  Prep- 
aration of  neutral  fat,  p.  56.  Emulsion  test  for 
fatty  acid,  Brucke's  experiments  1,  2,  3,  and  4, 
pp.  56-57 ;  Gad's  experiments  1,  2,  and  3,  pp. 
57-58 ;  Bachford's  experiment,  pp.  58-60.  Ex- 
traction of  lipase,  p.  60.  Hydrolysis  of  ethyl  buty- 
rate  by  lipase,  pp.  60-62.  Synthesis  of  neutral 
fat  by  lipase,  Experiments  1  and  2,  pp.  62-63. 
Ehrlich's  ricin  experiments  (to  be  done  by  a 
Committee  of  the  Class),  pp.  67-69.  Bicin  anti- 
toxine,  Experiments  1  and  2  (by  a  Committee),  p. 
70.  Bordet's  experiments,  1,  2,  3,  and  4,  pp. 
76-79.     Schdnbein's  experiments  1  and  2,  p.  79. 

1  The  page  numbers  refer  to  Experiments  for  Students  in  the 
Harvard  Medical  School,  by  W.  T.  Porter.  Third  edition, 
1903.     The  University  Press,  Cambridge,  Mass. 


THE  FIRST- YEAR  COURSE  17 

Further  oxidations  by  animal  tissues,  Experiments 
1  and  2,  pp.  79-80.  Extraction  of  nucleo-pro- 
teid  from  liver  (by  two  students),  pp.  80-81. 
Oxidation  by  nucleo-proteid,  p.  81.  Oxidation 
about  the  nucleus,  p.  82.  Glycolysis  in  blood  (by 
a  Committee),  pp.  82-83.  Glycolytic  ferment  of 
pancreas,  p.  85.  Observation  of  yeast  plant,  pp. 
87-88.  Alcoholic  fermentation,  Experiments  1, 
2,  and  3,  pp.  88-89. 

Absorption.  —  [Experiments  will  be  announced 
later.] 

Blood. — Drawing  the  blood,  pp.  94-95.  De- 
termination of  specific  gravity,  pp.  95-96.  Ex- 
periments 1,  2,  3,  4,  and  5  (by  a  Committee),  p. 
96.  Counting  the  red  corpuscles,  pp.  96-99. 
Counting  the  white  corpuscles,  pp.  99-100.  Es- 
timation of  hsemoglobin,  pp.  100-101.  Haemor- 
rhage and  regeneration  (by  a  Committee),  p.  101. 
Alkalinity,  pp.  102-103.  Coagulation  time,  p. 
104.  Additional  experiments}  Clotting  of  plasma, 
Experiments  1,  2,  3,  and  4. 

Secretion.  —  [Experiments  will  be  announced 
later.] 

Respiratory  Exchange.  —  Estimation  of  oxygen, 
carbon  dioxide,  and  water,  pp.  104-105. 

Metabolism.2  —  1 .  Estimation  of  respiratory 
oxygen,  carbon  dioxide,  and  water :  (a)  in  quiet 
respiration,  (b)  during  muscular  exertion.  2. 
Nitrogenous  equilibrium.  3.  Effect  of  exercise 
upon  nitrogenous  metabolism.  [Additional  ex- 
periments will  be  announced  later.] 


1  Furnished  on  printed  unbound  sheets. 

2  Furnished  on  printed  unbound  sheets. 

2 


18  PHYSIOLOGY   AT   HARVARD 

Nutrition  and  Diet.  —  [Experiments  will  be 
announced  later.] 

Animal  Heat.  —  [Experiments  will  be  an- 
nounced later.] 

Electromotive  Phenomena.  —  Polarization  cur- 
rent, p.  25,  and  Experiment  1,  p.  106.  Demarca- 
tion current  of  muscle,  Experiment  1,  p.  150 
(omit  last  three  lines).  Uninjured  muscle,  p. 
153.  Stimulation  by  demarcation  current,  Ex- 
periment 1,  p.  153.  Measurement  of  electromo- 
tive force  of  demarcation  current;  compensation 
method,  p.  158.  Demarcation  current  of  nerve, 
p.  159.  Action  current  of  muscle,  Experiments 
1  (rheoscopic  frog)  and  2,  p.  166.  Action  cur- 
rent of  heart,  Experiments  1  and  2,  p.  173.  Se- 
cretion current  from  mucous  membrane,  p.  183. 

Change  of  Form  in  Contractile  Tissues.  —  Vol- 
ume of  contracting  muscle,  p.  194.  The  dura- 
tion of  the  several  periods,  p.  196.  The  excitation 
wave,  p.  199.  The  contraction  wave,  p.  201. 
Influence  of  load  on  height  of  contraction,  p. 
204.  Influence  of  temperature  on  form  of  con- 
traction, p.  205.  Superposition  of  two  contrac- 
tions, p.  209.  Superposition  in  tetanus,  p.  210. 
Graduation  of  isometric  spring,  p.  218.  Isomet- 
ric contraction,  p.  219.  Artificial  tetanus  of 
human  muscle,  p.  221.  Natural  tetanus  of  hu- 
man muscle,  Experiments  1  and  2,  p.  221.  Spon- 
taneous contractions  of  smooth  muscle,  p.  221. 
Influence  of  load  on  work  done,  p.  223.  Abso- 
lute force  of  muscle,  p.  224.  Time  relations  of 
developing  energy,  p.  226.  Elasticity  and  exten- 
sibility of  a  metal  spring,  p.  229.  Of  a  rubber 
band,  p.  230.     Of  skeletal  muscle,  p.  230.     Ea- 


THE   FIRST-YEAR   COURSE  19 

tigue  of  skeletal  muscle  of  frog,  Experiments  1 
and  2,  p.  232.  Fatigue  of  human  skeletal  mus- 
cle, Experiment  1,  p.  233. 

Additional  Experiments  on  Electromotive  Phe- 
nomena.1 —  Demarcation  current  of  muscle,  Ex- 
periment 2,  p.  151.  Oblique  section,  p.  152. 
Stimulation  by  demarcation  current,  Experiments 
2,  3,  and  4,  pp.  154-155.  Interference  between 
the  demarcation  current  and  a  stimulating  cur- 
rent; polar  refusal,  p.  155.  Measurement  of 
electromotive  force  of  demarcation  current,  Ex- 
periment 1,  p.  157.  Nerve  may  be  stimulated  by 
its  own  demarcation  current,  p.  160.  The  action 
current  in  tetanus;  stroboscopic  method,  p.  168. 
Eheoscopic  muscle  tetaDus,  p.  169.  Action  cur- 
rent of  human  muscle,  p.  172.  Action  current  of 
heart;  the  action  current  precedes  the  contrac- 
tion, p.  174.  Current  of  action  of  human  heart, 
p.  175.  Action  current  of  nerve,  Experiments  1 
and  2,  pp.  178  and  179.  Positive  variation,  p. 
179.  Positive  after  current,  p.  180.  Contraction 
secured  with  a  weaker  stimulus  than  negative 
variation,  p.  180.  Current  of  action  in  optic 
nerve,  p.  181.  Errors  from  unipolar  stimulation, 
p.  183.  Negative  variation  of  secretion  current, 
p.  184.  Electrotonic  currents,  p.  186.  Negative 
variation  of  electrotonic  currents ;  positive  varia- 
tion (polarization  increment)  of  polarizing  current, 
p.  188.  The  electrotonic  current  as  a  stimulus, 
p.  191.     Paradoxical  contraction,  p.  191. 

1  To  be  begun  only  in  case  tbe  first  list  is  finished  in  less 
than  the  prescribed  time.  These  additions  comprise  experi- 
ments in  "  An  Introduction  to  Physiology,"  Part  I,  not  included 
in  the  first  list. 


20  PHYSIOLOGY   AT   HAKYARD 

Additional  Experiments  on  Change  of  Form 
in  Contractile  Tissues.  — Eelation    of     strength    of 

stimulus  to  form  of  contraction  wave,  p.  203. 
Influence  of  veratrine  on  the  form  of  the  contrac- 
tion, p.  208.  Muscle  sound,  Experiments  1,  2,  3, 
4,  and  5,  pp.  211-214.  Eelation  of  shortening  in 
a  single  contraction  to  shortening  in  tetanus, 
Experiments  1,  2,  and  3,  pp.  215-217.  Simple 
contraction  of  smooth  muscle,  p.  222.  Tetanus 
of  smooth  muscle,  p.  223.  Total  work  done ; 
the  work  adder,  p.  224.  Total  work  done  esti- 
mated by  muscle  curve,  p.  226.  Extensibility  in- 
creased in  tetanus,  p.  231.  Eatigue  of  skeletal 
muscle  of  frog,  Experiment  3,  p.  233.  Fatigue  of 
human  skeletal  muscle,  Experiment  2,  p.  234. 

Spinal  Cord  and  Brain.1 — The  spinal  cord  a 
seat  of  simple  reflexes,  Experiments  1  and  2,  p.  1. 
Influence  of  afferent  impulses  on  reflex  action, 
p.  2.  Threshold  value  lower  in  end  organ  than 
in  nerve  trunk,  Experiments  1  and  2,  pp.  2 
and  3.  Summation  of  afferent  impulses,  p.  3. 
Segmental  arrangement  of  reflex  apparatus,  Ex- 
periments 1  and  2,  p.  4.  Reflexes  in  man ;  from 
the  skin,  p.  5.  Cornea  reflex,  p.  5.  Throat  re- 
flex, p.  6.  Pupil  light-reflex,  p.  6.  Consensual 
reflex,  p.  6.  Accommodation  reflex,  p.  6.  Knee 
jerk,  p.  6.  Ankle  jerk,  p.  7.  Gower's  experi- 
ment, p.  7.  Effect  of  strychnine  on  reflex  action, 
p.  8.  Removal  of  cerebral  hemispheres,  p.  8. 
Posture,  "  brainless "  frog,  p.  9.  Balancing  ex- 
periment, p.  10.  Ptetinal  reflex,  p.  10.  Croak 
reflex,  p.  10.     Apparent  purpose  in  reflex  action, 

1  Experiments  for  Students  in  the  Harvard  Medical  School. 
Third  edition,  1903. 


THE  FIRST-YEAR   COUKSE  21 

Experiments  1,  2,  and  3,  p.  12.  Eeflex  time, 
p.  13.  Eeaction  time,  p.  13.  Eeaction  time  with 
choice,  p.  14.  Inhibition  of  reflexes  through 
peripheral  afferent  nerves,  p.  15.  Inhibition 
through  central  afferent  paths ;  the  optic  lobes, 
Experiments  1  and  2,  p.  16.  The  roots  of  spinal 
nerves,  p.  17.  Localization  of  movements  at  dif- 
ferent levels  of  the  spinal  cord,  p.  18.  Distribu- 
tion of  sensory  spinal  nerves,  p.  19.  Muscular 
tonus ;  Brondgeests's  experiment,  p.  20. 

Sympathetic Innervation  of  sphincter  of  iris.1 

[Additional  experiments  in  preparation.] 

Sensations  of  Temperature.2  —  Mapping  of  hot 
and  cold  spots,  p.  21.  Outline,  p.  21.  Mechanical 
stimulation,  Experiments  1  and  2,  p.  21.  Chemi- 
cal stimulation,  p.  21.  Electrical  stimulation, 
p.  22.  Temperature  after-sensation,  p.  22.  Balance 
between  loss  and  gain  of  heat,  p.  22.  Eatigue, 
p.  22.  Belation  of  stimulated  area  to  sensation, 
p.  23.  Perception  of  difference,  p.  23.  Belatively 
insensitive  regions,  Experiments  1  and  2,  pp.  23 
and  24. 

Sensations  of  Pressure Pressure  spots,  p.  24. 

Threshold  value,  p.  24.  Touch  discrimiuation, 
Experiments  1  and  2,  p.  26.  After-sensation  of 
pressure,  p.  27.  Temperature  and  pressure,  p.  27. 
Touch  illusion ;  Aristotle's  experiment,  p.  28. 

Sensation  of  Tickle 1.  Irradiation.  2.  Af- 
ter image.  3.  Topography.  4.  Summation.  5. 
Eatigue. 

Sensation   of  Pain 1.    Threshold   value.     2. 

1  Furnished  on  printed  unbound  sheets. 

2  Experiments  for  Students  in  the  Harvard  Medical  School. 
Third  edition,  1903. 


22  PHYSIOLOGY  AT  HARVARD 

Latent  period.     3.  Summation.     4.  Topography. 

5.  Individual  variation.     6.  Temperature  stimuli. 

Motor  Sensations.  —  1.    Judgment    of    weight. 

2.  Sensation  of  effort.     3.  Sensation  of  motion. 
Taste.1 — 1.  Threshold  value.     2.  Topography. 

3.  Eelation  of  taste  to  area  stimulated.     4.  Elec- 
trical stimulation. 

Smell,  Hearing.  —  [Experiments  will  be  an- 
nounced later.] 

Introduction  to  Physiological  Optics.2  —  Con- 
struction of  the  path  of  a  ray  passing  through  a 
prism,  p.  11.  Eefraction  by  convex  lenses :  prin- 
cipal focus,  Experiments  1  and  2,  p.  14.  Esti- 
mation of  principal  focal  distance,  p.  15.  Conjugate 
foci,  p.  16.  Virtual  image,  p.  17.  Construction 
of  image  obtained  with  convex  lens,  p.  17.  Ee- 
fraction by  concave  lenses,  p.  20.  Eefraction  by 
segments  of  cylinders,  Experiments  1  and  2, 
pp.  20-21.  Eefraction  through  combined  convex 
and  cylindrical  lenses,  Experiments  1  and  2, 
pp.  22-23.  Spherical  aberration  by  refraction, 
Experiments  1,  2,  and  3,  pp.  25-26.  Dispersion 
circles,  Experiments  1  and  2,  p.  27.  Myopia, 
p.  28.  Hypermetropia,  p.  29.  Chromatic  aberra- 
tion, p.  30.  Aberration  avoided  by  a  diaphragm, 
p.  32.  Numbering  of  prisms,  p.  33.  Numbering 
of  lenses,  p.  33. 

Refraction  in  the  Eye.  —  The  eye  as  a  camera 
obscura,  Experiments  1  and  2,  p.  35. 

1  Experiments  for  Students  in  the  Harvard  Medical  School. 
Third  edition,  1903. 

2  An  Introduction  to  Physiology,  Part  IV,  Physiological 
Optics,  pp.  1-99. 

The  laboratory  work  in  Physiological  Optics  is  done  at 
night,  7.30  to  10  o'clock. 


THE  FIRST-YEAR  COURSE  23 

The  Schematic  Eye.  —  Cardinal  points  of  the 
cornea  (System  A).  Construction  drawing  of 
System  A,  p.  38.  Principal  focal  distances,  p.  39. 
Determination  of  principal  foci  by  construction 
2,  p.  41.  Construction  of  image,  p.  41.  Cardinal 
points  of  the  crystalline  lens  (System  B~).  Con- 
struction drawing  of  System  B,  p.  43.  Optical 
centre,  p.  44.  Nodal  points,  p.  45.  Principal 
surfaces,  p.  46.  The  point  s,  p.  47.  Principal 
points,  p.  48.  Principal  focal  distances,  p.  48. 
The  cardinal  points  of  the  eye  {System  C).  Prin- 
cipal surfaces,  p.  49.  Nodal  points,  p.  51.  Prin- 
cipal foci,  p.  52.  Calculation  of  the  situation  and 
size  of  dioptric  images,  Constructions  1  and  2, 
pp.  54-56.  Eeduced  eye,  p.  56.  Relations  of  the 
visual  axis,  p.  61.  Visual  angle,  p.  62.  Apparent 
size,  p.  62.  Size  of  retinal  image,  p.  63.  Acute- 
ness  of  vision,  p.  63.  Smallest  perceptible  image, 
p.  64.     Measurement  of  visual  acuteness,  p.  64. 

Accommodation,  p.  67.  Schemer's  experiment, 
p.  67.  Dispersion  circles,  p.  68.  Diameter  of 
circles  of  dispersion,  Experiments  1,  2,  and  3,  pp. 
68-70.  Accommodation  line,  p.  70.  Mechanism 
of  accommodation.  Narrowing  of  pupil,  p.  71. 
Eelation  of  iris  to  lens,  Experiment  2,  p.  73. 
Changes  in  the  lens,  Experiments  1  and  2, 
pp.  73-75.  Measurement  of  accommodation.  Ear 
point,  p.  77.  Determination  of  far  point,  p.  77. 
Near  point,  p.  78.  Determination  of  near  point, 
p.  78.     Eange  of  accommodation,  p.  79. 

Ophthalmoscopy.  —  Eeflection  from  retina,  Ex- 
periments 1,  2,  3,  and  4,  pp.  82-84.  Influence  of 
angle  between  light  and  visual  axis,  Experiments 
1,  2,  and  3,  pp.  85-86.     Influence  of  size  of  pupil, 


24  PHYSIOLOGY  AT   HARVARD 

p.  86.  Influence  of  nearness  to  pupil,  p.  86. 
Ophthalmoscope,  Experiments  1  and  2,  p.  87. 
Direct  method.  Emmetropia,  Experiments  1  and 
2,  pp.  8S-90.  Ametropia ;  qualitative  determina- 
tion, p.  91.  Measurement  of  myopia,  p.  91. 
Measurement  of  hyper  me  tropia,  p.  93.  Measure- 
ment of  astigmatism,  p.  93.  Indirect  method, 
Experiments  1  and  2,  pp.  94-96. 

Vision.1  —  Mapping  the  blind  spot,  pp.  33-34. 
Yellow  spot,  p.  34.  Eield  of  vision,  pp.  34-35. 
Diagnosis  of  color  blindness,  pp.  35-37.  [Addi- 
tional experiments  in  preparation.] 

Special  Muscular  Mechanisms.  Respiration.  — 
Inspiration.  Expiration.  Normal  respiration. 
Forced  respiration.  Obstructed  air  passages.  As- 
phyxia. Coughing.  Sneezing.  Hiccough.  Per- 
foration of  pleura.  [Additional  experiments  in 
preparation.] 

The  Circulation  of  the  Blood.2  —  Conversion  of 
an  intermittent  into  a  continuous  flow,  Experi- 
ments 1,  2,  and  3,  pp.  244-248.  The  relation 
between  rate  of  flow  and  width  of  bed,  p.  248. 
The  relation  of  peripheral  resistance  to  blood-pres- 
sure, p.  250.  The  curve  of  arterial  pressure  in 
the  frog,  p.  251.  The  effect  on  blood-pressure  of 
increasing  the  peripheral  resistance  in  the  frog, 
p.  253.  Changes  in  the  stroke  of  the  pump ; 
inhibition  of  the  ventricle,  p.  253.  The  effect  of 
inhibition  of  the  heart  on  blood-pressure  in  the 
frog,  p.  254.  The  opening  and  closing  of  the 
valves,   p.    255.      The   period   of   outflow    from 

1  Experiments  for  Students  in  the  Harvard  Medical  School. 
Third  edition,  1903. 

2  An  Introduction  to  Physiology,  Part  II,  pp.  239-314. 


THE  FIRST-YEAR   COURSE  25 

the  ventricle,  p.  256.  The  visible  change  in  form, 
p.  257.  Graphic  record  of  ventricular  contraction, 
p.  258.  All  contractions  maximal,  p.  258.  Stair- 
case contractions,  p.  259.  The  isolated  apex ;  Bern- 
stein's experiment,  p.  259.  Khythmic  contractility 
of  heart  muscle,  p.  260.  Constant  stimulus  may 
cause  periodic  contraction,  p.  260.  The  inactive 
heart  muscle  still  irritable,  p.  261.  Eefractory 
period;  extra-contraction;  compensatory  pause, 
p.  261.  The  transmission  of  the  contraction  wave 
in  the  ventricle ;  Engelmann's  incisions,  p.  262. 
The  transmission  of  the  cardiac  excitation  from 
auricle  to  ventricle ;  Gaskell's  block,  Experiments 
1,  2,  and  3,  pp.  263  and  264.  Tonus,  p.  265. 
The  influence  of  "  load  "  on  ventricular  contrac- 
tion, p.  265.  The  influence  of  temperature  on 
frequency  of  contraction,  p.  266.  The  action  of 
sodium,  calcium,  potassium  in  heart  muscle, 
pp.  266-268.  The  heart  sounds,  Experiments  1,  2, 
3,  and  4,  pp.  269-271. 

The  Pressure-Pulse.  —  Frequency,  p.  271.  Hard- 
ness, p.  272.  Eorm,  p.  272.  Volume,  p.  273. 
The  pressure-pulse  in  the  artificial  scheme,  p.  273. 
The  human  pressure-pulse  curve,  Experiments  1 
and  2,  pp.  274-275.  Low  tension  pressure-pulse, 
Experiments  1  and  2,  p.  277.  Pressure-pulse  in 
aortic  regurgitation,  p.  278.  Stenosis  of  the  aortic 
valve,  p.  279.  Incompetence  of  the  mitral  valve, 
p.  280.     The  volume  pulse,  p.  280. 

The  Innervation  of  the  Heart  and  Blood- Vessels. 
—  Preparation  of  the  sympathetic,  p.  283.  Ac- 
tion of  the  sympathetic  on  the  heart,  p.  284. 
The  preparation  of  the  vagus  nerve,  p.  286. 
Stimulation  of  cardiac  inhibitory  fibres  in  vagus 


26  PHYSIOLOGY  AT  HARVARD 

trunk,  p.  287.  Effect  of  vagus  stimulation  on  the 
auriculo- ventricular  contraction  interval,  p.  289. 
Irritability  of  the  inhibited  heart,  p.  289.  Intra- 
cardiac inhibitory  mechanism,  p.  290.  Inhibition 
by  Stannius  ligature,  p.  290.  Action  of  nicotine, 
p.  291.  Atropine,  p.  292.  Muscarine,  p.  292. 
Antagonistic  action  of  muscarine  and  atropine, 
p.  292.  Inhibitory  centre  of  the  heart  nerves, 
p.  292.  Augmentor  centre,  p.  294.  Keflex  in- 
hibition of  the  heart ;  Goltz's  experiment,  p.  295. 
Keflex  augmentation,  p.  296.  The  bulbar  vaso- 
motor centre,  Experiments  1  and  2,  pp.  296  and 
297.  The  vasomotor  functions  of  the  spinal  cord, 
Experiments  1,  2,  and  3,  p.  298.  Effect  of  destruc- 
tion of  the  spinal  cord  on  the  distribution  of  the 
blood,  p.  299.  The  vasomotor  fibres  leave  the 
cord  in  the  anterior  roots  of  spinal  nerves,  Ex- 
periments 1  and  2,  p.  300.  Vasoconstrictor  fibres 
in  the  sciatic  nerve,  p,  302.  Vasodilator  nerves, 
Experiments  1  and  2,  p.  303.  Keflex  vasomotor 
actions,  p.  304. 

Reproduction.  —  [Experiments  will  be  an- 
nounced later.] 

Laboratory  Note-Book 

Each  student  is  required  to  keep  in  a  labora- 
tory note-book  an  account  of  his  own  experiments 
and  observations.  The  details  of  the  experiment 
given  in  the  laboratory  publications  should  of 
course  be  omitted.  Where  the  experiment  in- 
cludes a  graphic  record,  such  as  a  muscle  curve 
or  a  curve  constructed  upon  coordinate  paper,  the 
record  should  be  fastened  in  the  laboratory  note- 
book with  gummed  paper.     Diagrams  should  be 


THE   FIRST-TEAR   COURSE  27 

employed  whenever  necessary,  but  time  should 
not  be  spent  in  needlessly  detailed  drawing  of 
apparatus.  The  note-books  will  be  collected 
every  Friday  and  examined  by  the  instructors. 

Conference 

The  conferences  are  half -hour  exercises  devoted 
to  questions  and  explanations. 

Written  Tests 

In  the  written  tests,  which  are  exercises  of 
twenty  minutes'  duration,  held  daily  during  six- 
teen weeks,  two  physiological  questions  are  an- 
swered in  writing.  On  Mondays  there  is  an 
additional  written  test,  an  hour  in  length,  in  which 
five  questions  are  answered.  The  answers  are 
written  upon  ruled  paper  of  uniform  size,  24.5  X 
19.5  cm.,  printed  as  follows ; 

Form  A, 

Harvard  Medical  School, 

Department  of  Physiology. 

Name Date „.J.90..„ 

Desk Boom 


In  all  cases  the  student  is  required  to  cite  the 
experimental  evidence  for  his  statement. 

Each  day's  papers  are  filed  in  a  case,  in  which 
a  pigeon-hole  is  provided  for  each  student.  In 
the  same  pigeon-hole  are  placed  in  their  turn 
the  student's  thesis,  laboratory  note-book,  and 
final  examination  papers,  constituting  a  complete 
record  of  his  work. 


28  PHYSIOLOGY  AT  HAKVARD 

The  written  tests  form  a  most  valuable  method 
of  instruction.  They  teach  the  student  to  state 
with  precision  and  brevity  the  experimental  evi- 
dence for  many  of  the  fundamental  conclusions 
in  physiology.  At  the  close  of  the  first  month  of 
instruction  men  whose  work  the  written  tests 
show  to  be  poor  are  personally  consulted  regard- 
ing their  difficulties,  often  to  their  great  benefit. 

The  following  questions  illustrate  the  written 
tests : 

State  experiments  to  prove  where  stimulation 
takes  place  on  closure  of  the  galvanic  current. 
Explain  the  difference  between  the  stimulating 
electrodes  and  the  physiological  anode  and  cathode 
in  stimulation  of  human  nerves.  What  is  the 
reaction  of  degeneration  ?  What  chemical  changes 
take  place  in  dying  muscle  ?  Draw  the  curve  ex- 
pressing the  absolute  force  of  muscle  from  the 
beginning  to  the  end  of  the  phase  of  rising  energy 
and  state  how  it  is  obtained.  Mark  on  the  intra- 
ventricular pressure-curve  the  moment  of  open- 
ing and  closing  of  the  mitral  and  aortic  valves. 
Give  the  experimental  basis  for  an  explanation 
of  the  auriculo-ventricular  interval.  Describe  the 
action  of  the  vagus  nerve  upon  the  heart.  Give 
evidence  to  show  that  afferent  impulses  are  trans- 
mitted by  the  posterior  roots  of  spinal  nerves. 
What  evidence  is  there  that  the  fibres  passing 
through  the  white  ramus  communicans  arborize 
about  a  sympathetic  cell?  Cite  experiments  to 
prove  that  the  crystalline  lens  changes  its  shape 
in  accommodation.  Give  evidence  that  the  semi- 
circular canals  are  concerned  in  equilibrium. 
State   the  evidence  for  the  existence  of  hot  and 


THE    FIRST- YEAR   COURSE  29 

cold  "  spots  "  on  the  skin.  State  the  difference 
between  voice  and  tone.  Give  a  brief  account 
of  the  digestion  of  fat.  Give  proof  of  the  exist- 
ence of  internal  secretion.  What  proof  exists 
that  hsemoglobin  and  oxygen  are  in  loose  chem- 
ical combination  in  the  blood  ?  How  may  a 
nitrogen  equilibrium  be  established  ? 

Lectures  and  other  Didactic  Exercises 

The  accessory  data  not  already  provided  in  the . 
laboratory  work  are  given  in  the  conferences 
and  written  tests.  The  distribution  of  the  re- 
maining didactic  exercises,  namely,  the  systematic 
lectures  and  the  theses,  is  stated  in  the  Calendar, 
page  60.  The  Calendar  shows  that  each  didactic 
exercise  is  given  after  its  subject  has  been  studied 
in  the  laboratory.  The  lectures  and  theses  are 
not  elementary.  The  student  has  already  learned 
the  elements  from  his  own  experiments  and  their 
accessory  data.  It  is  the  function  of  the  lecture 
and  the  thesis  to  discuss  the  student's  observa- 
tions and  to  collate  them  with  the  work  of  other 
observers.  Both  lecture  and  thesis  are  based  on 
original  sources.  A  list  of  the  subjects  discussed 
in  the  lectures  for  1904  will  be  found  on  page  30, 
and  a  list  of  the  theses  which  supplement  the 
lectures  will  be  found  on  page  35.  Lectures  that 
deal  with  subjects  upon  which  members  of  the 
Department  have  published  investigations  are 
given  by  the  investigator  himself.  The  student 
thereby  learns  at  first  hand  how  certain  problems 
have  been  set,  and  the  methods  by  which  they 
have  been  attacked. 


30 


PHYSIOLOGY  AT  HARVARD 


Lectures  given  in  1904 


Date. 

Feb. 

1 

<< 

5 

tt 

8 

<( 

9 

« 

10 

<( 

11 

k 

12 

a 

19 

«( 

23 

«( 

24 

«< 

25 

it 

26 

tt 

29 

March  1 

u 

2 

(( 

3 

i< 

4 

« 

8 

« 

« 

« 

9 

« 

<« 

a 

10 

u 

<( 

« 

11 

k 

a 

« 

14 

« 

15 

9-9.30 


12.30-1 

9-9.30 

12.30-1 

9-9.30 

9.30-10 

9-9.30 
9.30-10 


9-9.30 


Subject. 


Introductory  lecture. 

Physical  nature  of  protoplasm. 

Functions  of  the  cell  nucleus. 

Tropisms. 

Ionic  theory  of  stimulation. 

Phagocytosis. 

Influence  of  light  on  protoplasm. 

Salivary  digestion  in  the  stomach. 

Theories  of  proteid  digestion. 

Bacterial  digestion. 

Time  relations  of  digestion. 

Inter-relation  of  digestive  fluids. 

Theories  of  fermentation. 

Absorption  of  carbohydrates  and  proteids. 
Changes  in  the  products  of  digestion 
during  their  passage  through  the  intes- 
tinal wall. 

Production  of  lymph.     Lymphagogues. 

Theories  of  coagulation. 

Relation  of  vessel  wall  to  hydrsemia. 
Physiological  albuminuria. 

The  pressure  theory  of  secretion. 

The  chemical  theory  of  secretion. 

The  mode  of  action  of  secretory  nerves. 

Internal  secretion  of  thyroid,  suprarenal 
body,  and  pituitary  body. 

Exchange  of  gases  between  the  air  and 
the  tissues. 

Effect  of  changes  in  the  composition  and 
tension  of  the  respired  gases. 

Heat  value  of  foods.     Nutritive  balance. 

Effect  of  proteids,  carbohydrates,  fats, 
and  inorganic  substances  on  metabo- 
lism. Income  and  outgo  of  iron. 
Starvation. 

Production  of  fat.  Obesity.  Transport 
and  deposition  of  fat. 

Relation  of  diets  to  work  done.  Economic 
diets.     Vegetarianism. 


THE  FIRST-YEAR  COURSE 


31 


Lectures  given  in  1904  {continued) 


Date. 

Mar. 

16 

«< 

17 

a 

18 

<< 

21 

«< 

22 

ti 

23 

« 

24 

<< 

25 

«< 

28 

M 

29 

(( 

30 

(< 

31 

April 

i< 

1 

«( 

4 

<< 

5 

f< 

6 

«< 

7 

(( 

8 

f< 

11 

tt 

u 

tt 

12 

it 

« 

<< 

13 

<< 

14 

u 

15 

tt 

27 

« 

28 

« 

29 

« 

a 

tt 

tt 

May 

2 

Hour. 


9-9.30 


12.30-1 
9-9.30 


9.30-10 
9-9.30 
9.30-10 
9-9.30 


1130-) 

12.30  J 

11.30-12 

9-9.30 
tt 

9.30-10 
9-9.30 
12.15-1 
9-9.30 


Subject. 


Heat  production  and  loss. 

Effect  of  high  and  low  external  temper- 
ature.    Baths. 

Hypotheses  regarding  the  causation  of  the 
demarcation  current. 

Currents  of  action  in  plant  tissues. 

Theories  of  electrotonus. 

Tetanus. 

Tonicity. 

The  isometric  contraction. 

The  organism  as  a  machine. 

Fatigue. 

Segmental  concept  of  nervous  system.    I. 

Segmental  concept  of  nervous  system.    II. 

The  spinal  animal. 

The  spinal  animal.     Reflexes. 

The  stimulation  and  removal  of  the  cortex. 

Association  centres  of  Flechsig. 

The  cerebellum. 

Path  of   the  respiratory  impulse. 

The  sympathetic. 

Voluntary  control  of  "  involuntary  mus- 
cles/' 

Cutaneous  sensations.     Referred  pain. 

Muscular  sense. 

Relation  of  reflex  time  to  reaction  time. 

Relation  between  taste  and  smell  and  the 
chemical-physical  properties  of  the 
stimulus. 

Transmission  of  sound  to  labyrinth. 

Analytic  properties  of  the  ear. 
Retinal  processes.     Visual  sensations. 
Binocular  vision.     Spatial  perception. 
Muscle   leverage.     Flight.     Equilibrium. 
Specific  energy  of  the  senses. 
Locomotion. 

Effect  on  respiration  of  compression  of 
the  lung.     Asthma. 


32  PHYSIOLOGY  AT  HARVARD 

Lectures  given  in  1904  {continued) 


Date. 

Hour. 

Subject. 

May     2 

9.30-10 

Innervation  of  respiration. 

"       3 

9-9.30 

Voice  production. 

«<       u 

12.30-1 

Formation  of  consonants.  Stuttering. 
Deaf  mutism. 

"        4 

9-9.30 

Functions  of  upper  respiratory  tract. 

U           tc 

9.30-10 

Deglutition.     Vomiting. 

"        5 

9-9.30 

Movements  of  stomach  and  intestines. 

«               <C 

9.30-10 

Defecation.     Micturition. 

"       6 

9-9.30 

Circulation  of  lymph.  Innervation  of 
lymph  vessels. 

9 

M 

Physiology  of  embryonic  heart. 

"      11 

(( 

Origin  of  heart-beat. 

«      12 

« 

Closure  of  the  coronary  arteries. 

"      13 

«« 

Infarction  in  the  heart. 

"      16 

(« 

Nutrition  of  the  heart  through  vessels  of 
Thebesius  and  coronary  veins. 

«      17 

(( 

Influence  of  heart-beat  on  flow  of  blood 
through  walls  of  heart. 

"      18 

tt 

Intra-cardiac  pressure. 

"      19 

(( 

Filling  of  the  heart. 

(C            <( 

9.30-10 

The  heart  valves. 

"      20 

9-9.30 

Coordination  of  the  ventricles. 

«       « 

9.30-10 

The  pulse. 

"      23 

9-9.30 

Intra-cardiac  nerve  mechanisms. 

«       << 

9.30-10 

Inhibition. 

"      24 

9-9.30 

Relation  of  afferent  nerves  to  vasomotor 
centre.     Surgical  "  shock." 

«       « 

9.30-10 

Nerves  of  lymph  vessels. 

«      25 

9-9.30 

Regulation  of  production  and  loss  of  heat. 

«       « 

9.30-10 

Growth. 

"      26 

9-9.30 

Menstruation.     Impregnation. 

«      27 

tt 

Gestation.     Infancy. 

«       <« 

9.30-10 

Inheritance. 

Special  Demonstrations 

In  addition  to  the  demonstrations  forming  part 
of  the  lectures  the  following  special  demonstra- 
tions will  be  made  during  1904. 


THE   FIRST-YEAR   COURSE 


33 


Special  Demonstrations 


Date. 


Feb 

.    6 
6 

« 
« 
it 

Mai 

13 

20 

27 

.   5 

n 

12 

tt 

ft 
tt 

16 
19 
26 

tt 

26 

April  2 
"      4 

tt 

9 

it 

28 

tt 

30 

tt 

30 

May 

«< 

tt 

■   4 

7 

7 

14 

u 

21 

tt 

21 

11-12 


12-1 
11-12 


9.30-10 
11-12 


9.30-10 
11-12 
12-1 

9-9.45 


12-1 

11-12 
u 

9-9.30 
12-1 


Subject. 


Irritability  of  plant  tissue. 

Extra  currents  at  the  opening  and  closing 

of  the  primary  current. 
Eeaction  of  degeneration  in  man. 
Galvanotaxis. 
Gastric  digestion  in  man. 
The  flow  of  lymph  from  the  thoracic  duct. 

Action  of  lymphagogues. 
The  action  of  the  chorda  tympani  and  the 

sympathetic  nerves  on  secretion  by  the 

submaxillary  gland. 
Alterations  in  surface  tension. 
Action  current  of  the  human  heart. 
Total  work,  done  by  muscle.     The  work 

adder. 
Electromotive  properties  of  an  artificial 

nerve. 
Stimulation  of  the  cerebral  cortex. 
The  pigeon  deprived   of   cerebral  hemi- 
spheres. 
The  action  of   the   sympathetic  on  the 

smooth  muscle  of  the  hairs. 
Methods    of    testing    color   blindness  in 

employees. 
The  pigeon  with  severed  external  semi- 
circular canals. 
The  action  of  the  vagus  and  the  superior 

laryngeal  nerves  upon  the  respiratory 

movements. 
Movements  of  the  stomach  and  intestines. 
The  action  of  the  valves  in  the  ox  heart. 
The  inhibition  of  the  mammalian  heart. 
Nutrition  of  the  heart  through  the  vessels 

of  Thebesius. 
Action  of  the  depressor  nerve  upon  the 

vasomotor  centre. 
The    vasomotor    fibres    in    the    cervical 

sympathetic. 


34  PHYSIOLOGY  AT  HAEVAED 

The  demonstrations  are  made  to  not  more  than 
ten  students  at  one  time.  Care  is  taken  that 
every  student  shall  see  the  experiments  clearly. 

Eecitations 

A  recitation  is  given  weekly  during  fifteen 
weeks.  The  recitation  is  not  an  examination ; 
its  only  purpose  is  instruction.  The  questions 
are  asked  in  an  order  that  will  systematically 
develop  the  subject  treated. 

Theses  and  the  Beading  of  Investigations 

Each  student  is  required  to  write  a  physiologi- 
cal thesis,  the  material  for  which  must  be  taken 
directly  from  the  report  of  the  original  investi- 
gators. The  subjects  chosen  are  as  a  rule  such 
as  will  supplement  the  instruction  given  in  other 
ways.  In  1904  forty -three  theses  will  be  dis- 
cussed by  the  class. 

Each  student  is  also  required  to  prepare  from 
the  original  sources  the  bibliography  of  one  other 
subject,  and  to  verify  his  references,  so  far  as  the 
literature  is  accessible  to  him. 

Students  chosen  to  read  their  theses  are  further 
required  to  acquaint  themselves  with  the  litera- 
ture of  three  other  subjects  in  the  list  to  be  dis- 
cussed by  the  class.  These  students  will  open  the 
discussion  upon  the  subjects  which  they  have 
thus  especially  studied. 

Before  the  beginning  of  the  course  a  letter  of 
instructions  regarding  theses  is  addressed  to  each 
student  (Form  C,  page  71). 


THE  FIEST-YEAE  COUESE 


Theses  discussed  in  1904 


Date. 

Hour. 

Title. 

Mar. 

1 

12.15-1 

Absorption  of  fat. 

<< 

2 

<« 

Absorption  from  the  peritoneal  and 
pleural  cavities. 

tt 

3 

« 

Utilization  of  enemata. 

<( 

4 

« 

(Edema. 

« 

5 

9-9.45 

Haemorrhage  and  regeneration  of 
blood. 

<( 

7 

9.30-10.15 

Haemolysis. 

«< 

8 

« 

Gland  cells  in  rest  and  activity. 

« 

9 

<< 

Internal  secretion  of  the  pancreas. 

« 

10 

12.15-1 

Excretion  of  urea. 

« 

11 

tt 

Elimination  of  poisons. 

<< 

12 

9-9.45 

Effect  of  food  on  the  nature  of  the 
digestive  secretions. 

<< 

15 

12.15-1 

Production  of  glycogen. 

<( 

16 

<< 

Origin  of  urea. 

« 

17 

u 

Alcohol  as  food  ;  its  stimulant  effect 
on  metabolism. 

t< 

18 

a 

Fever. 

(< 

19 

9-9.45 

Phosphorescence. 

(( 

22 

12.15-1 

Ciliary  activity. 

It 

23 

tt 

Nature  of  muscular  contractility. 

<( 

30 

a 

Changes  in  nerve  cells  in  rest  and 
activity. 

(f 

31 

a 

Effect  on  nerve  cells  of  toxines  and 
of  changes  in  temperature  and 
blood  supply. 

April 

1 

it 

Nature  of  the  nerve  impulse. 

«< 

2 

9-9.45 

Cross-suturing  of  nerves. 

«« 

5 

« 

Sensory  areas  in  the  cortex  of  the 
brain. 

M 

6 

12.15-1 

Aphasia. 

« 

7 

(< 

Trophic  nerves. 

(« 

8 

a 

Reflexes  from  sympathetic  ganglia. 

(« 

9 

9-9.45 

Effect  of  mental  states  on  visceral 
functions. 

<( 

27 

12.15-1 

Theories  of  accommodation  of  the 
eye. 

« 

28 

9.30-10.15 

Color  blindness. 

36  PHYSIOLOGY  AT  HARVARD 

Theses  discussed   in   1904   (continued) 


Date. 

Hour. 

Title. 

April 

30 

11.15-12 

Functions  of  the  semicircular  canals. 

May 

3 

9.30-10.15 

Vowel  sounds. 

«« 

5 

12.15-1 

Massage. 

tt 

17 

12.15-1 

Effect  of  gravity  on  the  circulation. 

t< 

18 

it 

Solutions  that  maintain  the  heart- 
heat. 

tt 

19 

tt 

Adaptation  of  organs  to  new  con- 
ditions. 

tt 

20 

it 

Natural  defences  of  the  organism. 

a 

21 

9-9.45 

Physiological  effects  of  high  alti- 
tudes. 

tt 

24 

12.15-1 

Peculiarities  of  the  cerebral  circula- 
tion ;   cerebral  pressure. 

it 

25 

tt 

Hibernation. 

a 

26 

9.30-10.15 

Theories  of  sleep. 

u 

26 

12.15-1 

Artificial  parthenogenesis. 

tt 

27 

12-12.30 

Regeneration. 

tt 

27 

12.30-1 

Senescence  and  death. 

Theses  not  discussed  in  1904 

Physical  nature  of  protoplasm. 

Functions  of  the  cell  nucleus. 

Tropisms. 

Ionic  theory  of  stimulation. 

Phagocytosis. 

Immunity. 

Influence  of  light  on  protoplasm. 

Salivary  digestion  in  the  stomach. 

Theories  of  proteid  digestion. 

Relations  of  bile  to  digestion  of  fats. 

Bacterial  digestion. 

Time  relations  of  digestion. 

Inter-relation  of  digestive  fluids 

Theories  of  fermentation. 


THE  FIKST-YEAR   COURSE  37 

Absorption  of  carbohydrates. 

Absorption  of  proteids. 

Changes  in  the  products  of  digestion  during  their 

passage  through  the  intestinal  wall. 
Influence  of  nerves  on  intestinal  absorption. 
Absorption  through  the  skin. 
Production  of  lymph. 
Lyinphagogues. 
Fibrin  ferment. 
Theories  of  coagulation. 
Agglutination. 

Relation  of  vessel  "wall  to  hydremia. 
Physiological  albuminuria. 
Origin  and  fate  of  red  blood  corpuscles. 
Transfusion  of  blood. 
Estimation  of  hsemoglobin  in  blood. 
Specific  gravity  of  blood. 
Coloring  matters  of  the  body. 
Pressure  theory  of  secretion. 
Chemical  theory  of  secretion. 
Action  of  diuretics. 
Mode  of  action  of  secretory  nerves. 
Innervation  of  salivary  glands. 
Secretion  of  bile. 

Secretion  of  foreign  substances  in  milk. 
Excretion  of  water  by  the  skin. 
Excretion  of  nitrogen  by  the  skin. 
Internal  secretion  of  thyroid  gland. 
Internal  secretion  of  the  kidney. 
Internal   secretion    of    suprarenal    and    pituitary 

bodies. 
Relations  between  the  functions  of  the  spleen  and 

the  pancreas. 
Exchange  of  gases  between  the  air  and  the  tissues. 
Excretion  of  carbon  dioxide  by  the  skin. 
Effect  of  changes  in  the  composition  and  tension  of 

the  respired  gases. 


38  PHYSIOLOGY  AT  HARVAKD 

Poisoning  by  carbon  monoxide. 

Heat  value  of  foods. 

Syntheses  in  the  animal  body. 

Nutritive  balance. 

Effect  of  proteids,  carbohydrates,  fats,  and  inor- 
ganic substances  on  metabolism. 

Nitrogen  equilibrium. 

Origin  of  the  oxalic  acid  of  the  urine. 

Origin  of  uric  acid. 

Income  and  outgo  of  iron. 

Nature  of  the  sugar  in  the  blood. 

Starvation. 

Production  of  fat. 

Obesity. 

Transport  and  decomposition  of  fat. 

Relation  of  diets  to  work  done. 

Relation  of  urea  excretion  to  muscle  work. 

Relation  between  the  activity  of  muscle  and  its 
metabolism. 

Economic  diets. 

Vegetarianism. 

Heat  production  and  loss. 

Heat  production  in  glands. 

Heat  production  in  nerves. 

Effect  of  high  and  low  external  temperature. 

Baths. 

Effect  of  varnishing  the  skin. 

Hypotheses  regarding  the  causation  of  the  demar- 
cation current. 

Currents  of  action  in  plant  tissues. 

Theories  of  electrotonus. 

Tetanus. 

Tonicity. 

Nature  of  voluntary  muscle  contraction. 

Isometric  contraction! 

Muscle  fatigue. 

The  organism  as  a  machine. 


THE  FIRST-YEAR   COURSE  39 

General  fatigue. 

Segmental  concept  of  nervous  system. 
The  spinal  animal. 
Reflexes. 
Knee  jerk. 

Efferent  nerve  fibres  in  posterior  root. 
Stimulation  and  removal  of  the  cortex. 
Association  centres  of  Flechsig. 
The  cerebellum. 
Path  of  respiratory  impulse. 
The  sympathetic. 

Voluntary  control  of  "involuntary  muscles." 
Cutaneous  sensations. 
Referred  pain. 
Muscular  sense. 
Rate  of  nerve  impulse. 
Relation  of  reflex  time  to  reaction  time. 
Relation  between  taste  and  smell  and  the  chemical- 
physical  properties  of  the  stimulus. 
Transmission  of  sound  to  labyrinth. 
Analytic  properties  of  the  ear. 
Retinal  processes. 
Visual  sensations. 
Binocular  vision. 
Spatial  perception. 
Muscle  leverage. 
Flight. 
Equilibrium. 

Specific  energy  of  the  senses. 
Locomotion. 

Effect  on  respiration  of  compression  of  the  lung. 
Innervation  of  respiration. 
Cause  of  the  first  respiration. 
Functions  of  the  epiglottis. 
Voice  production. 
Formation  of  consonants. 
Stuttering. 


40  PHYSIOLOGY  AT  HARVARD 

Deafmutism. 

Functions  of  upper  respiratory  tract. 

Deglutition. 

Vomiting. 

Movements  of  stomach  and  intestines. 

Defecation. 

Micturition. 

Circulation  of  lymph. 

Innervation  of  lymph  vessels. 

Physiology  of  embryonic  heart. 

Origin  of  heart-beat. 

Closure  of  the  coronary  arteries. 

Infarction  in  the  heart. 

Nutrition  of  the  heart  through  vessels  of  Thebesius 

and  coronary  arteries. 
Influence  of  heart-beat  on  flow  of  blood  through 

walls  of  heart. 
Intra-cardiac  pressure. 
Filling  of  the  heart. 
The  auriculo-ventricular  valves. 
The  semilunar  valves. 
First  heart  sound. 
Coordination  of  the  ventricles. 
Fibrillar  contraction. 
The  arterial  pulse. 
The  venous  pulse. 

Action  of  the  sympathetic  nerve  on  the  heart. 
Action  of  the  vagus  nerve  on  the  heart. 
Intra-cardiac  nerve  mechanisms. 
Cause  of  death  by  electric  currents. 
Inhibition. 

Cause  of  death  after  vagus  section. 
Nerves  of  lymph  vessels. 
Depressor  nerve. 
Vasodilator  nerves. 
Vasomotor  nerves  of  the  lungs. 
Vasomotor  nerves  of  the  brain. 


THE  FIRST-YEAR  COURSE  41 

Vasomotor  nerves  of  intestine. 

Vasomotor  nerves  of  muscle. 

Venomotor  nerves. 

Relation  of  afferent  nerves  to  vasomotor  centre. 

Surgical  "  shock." 

Regulation  of  production  and  loss  of  heat. 

Growth. 

Menstruation. 

Impregnation. 

Gestation. 

Infancy. 

Inheritance. 

Bibliographies  for  the  Theses  discussed 
in  1904 1 

Absorption  of  fat.—  Gad,  78,  Arch.  f.  Physiol.,  187. 
Munk  and  Kosenstein,  '91,  Virch.  Arch.,  cxxiii,  230,  484. 
Harley,  '95,  J.  physiol.,  xviii,  1.  Levin,  '96,  Pfliiger's 
Arch.,  lxiii,  171.  Moore  and  Rockwood,  '97,  J.  physiol., 
xxi,  58.  Cunningham,  '98,  J.  physiol.,  xxiii,  209.  Pfluger, 
'99,  Pfliiger's  Arch.,  lxxvii,  521.  Hamburger,  '00,  Arch. 
f.  Physiol.,  433,  544,  554.  Pfluger,  '00,  Pfliiger's  Arch., 
lxxx,  128;  lxxxi,  375.  Hofbauer,  '00,  Pfliiger's  Arch., 
lxxxi,  263.  Pfluger,  '00,  Pfliiger's  Arch.,  lxxxii,  303. 
Munk,  '00,  Cbl.  f.  Physiol.,  xiv,  121,  153.  Friedenthal, 
'00,  Cbl.  f.  Physiol.,  xiv,  258.  Volhard,  '00,  Munch,  med. 
Woch.,  xlvii,  141,  194.  Henriques  and  Hansen,  '00,  Cbl. 
f.  Physiol.,  xiv,  313.  Pfluger,  '01,  Pfliiger's  Arch.,  lxxx vi, 
1;  lxxxviii,  299.  Loevenhart,  '02,  Am.  j.  physiol.,  vi,  331. 
Kischensky,  '02,  Cbl.  f.  allg.  Path.,  xiii,  1.  Pfl"ger, 
'02,  Pfliiger's  Arch.,  lxxxviii,  299,  431;  lxxxix,  211. 

Absorption  from  the  peritoneal  and  pleural  cavities. 
—  Dybkowsky,  '66,  Arbeiten  aus  d.  physiol.  Anstalt  zu 
Leipzig,  p.  40.  Ludwig  and  Schweigger-Seldel,  '66, 
ibid.  p.  174.  Ascher,  '92,  Ztschr.  f.  Biol.,  xxix,  247- 
Starling  and  Tubby,  '94,  J.  physiol.,  x?i,  140.     Orlow, 

1  These  bibliographies  were  prepared  by  my  colleague, 
Professor  Cannon. 


42  PHYSIOLOGY  AT  HARVARD 

'95,  Pfliiger's  Arch.,  lix,  170.  Heidenhain,  '95,  Pfliiger's 
Arch.,  lxii,  320.  Leathes  and  Starling,  '95,  J.  physiol., 
xviii,  106.  Starling,  '95,  J.  physiol.,  xix,  312.  Ham- 
burgee,  '95,  Arch.  f.  physiol.,  281.  Munk,  '95,  Arch.  f. 
Physiol.,  387.  Cohnstein,  '95,  Cbl.  f.  Physiol.,  ix,  401. 
Lazarus-Barlow,  '96,  J.  physiol.,  xx,  155.  Adler  and 
Meltzer,  '96,  J.  exp.  med.,  i,  482.  Starling,  '98,  J. 
physiol.,  xxii,  p.  xxiv.  Meltzer,  '98,  J.  physiol.,  xxii, 
198.  Mendel,  '99,  Am.  j.  physiol.,  ii,  342.  Lesage, 
'00,  C.  r.  soc.  de  biol.,  553.  Xlapp,  '02,  Mittheil.  aus 
d.  Grenzgebieten  d.  Med.  u.  Chir.,  x,  254. 

Utilization  of  enemata.  —  Yoit  and  Bauer,  '69, 
Ztsckr.  f.  Biol.,  v,  536.  Eichhorst,  71,  Pfliiger's  Arch., 
iv,  570.  Leube,  72,  Deut.  Arch.  f.  klin.  Med.,  x,  1. 
Czerny  and  Latschenberger,  74,  Virch.  Arch.,  lix,  174. 
Catillon,  '80,  Jour,  de  therap.,  vii,  41.  Ewald,  '87, 
Ztschr.  f.  klin.  Med.,  xii,  407-  Grutzner,  '94,  Deut.  med. 
Woch.,  xx,  897.  Deuciier,  '96,  Deut.  Arch.  f.  klin.  Med., 
lviii,  210.  Grutzner, '98,  Pfliiger's  Arch.,  lxxi,  492.  Aldor, 
'98,  Cbl.  f.  inn.  Med.,  xix,  161.  Ewald,  '99,  Arch.  f. 
Physiol.,  supplement,  160.  Harley,  '99,  Proc.  roy.  soc, 
lxiv,  255.  Ewald,  '00,  Med.  record,  lviii,  241.  Hemme- 
ter,  '00,  Pfliiger's  Arch.,  lxxxi,  151.  Cannon,  '02,  Am. 
j.  physiol.,  vi,  271-  Edshall,  '02,  Trans,  coll.  physicians, 
Phila.,  xxiv,  225. 

Oedema.  —  Cohnheim  and  Lichtheim,  77,  Virch. 
Arch.,  lxix,  106.  Welch,  78,  Virch.  Arch.,  lxxii,  375. 
Gartner,  '83,  Wiener  med.  Presse,  xxiv,  671,  701.  Flei- 
scher, '84,  Sitz.  d.  physikal.-med.  Soc,  Erlangen,  xvi, 
138.  Grossmann,  '87,  Ztschr.  f.  klin.  Med.,  xii,  550;  '89, 
ibid.,  xvi,  161,  270.  Heidenhain,  '91,  Pfliiger's  Arch.,  xlix, 
209.  Grosz  and  Reichel,  '92,  Wiener  med.  Presse,  xxxiii, 
1780.  Hamburger,  '93,  Beitr.  z.  path.  Anat.  (Ziegler), 
xiv,  443.  Starling,  '94,  J.  physiol.,  xvi,  224;  xvii,  30. 
Knoll,  '95,  Arch.  f.  exp.  Path.  u.  Pharmakol.,  xxxvi,  293. 
Barlow,  '95,  i,  Brit.  med.  j.,  634,  691.  Starling,  '96,  i, 
Lancet,  1267-  Askanazy,  '97,  Deut.  Arch.  f.  klin.  Med., 
lix,  385.  Loeb,  '98,  Pfliiger's  Arch.,  lxxi,  457.  Magnus, 
'99,  Arch.  f.  exp.  Path.  u.  Pharmakol.,  xlii,  250.  Carrion 
and  Hallion,  '99,  C.  r.  soc.  debiol.,  156.  Baylac,  '01,  C.  r. 
soc.  de  biol.,  519,  521.     Albu,  '01,  Virch.  Arch.,  clxvi,  87. 

Haemorrhage   and  regeneration    of  blood.  —  Neu- 


THE   FIRST-YEAR   COURSE  43 

mann,  '81,  Ztschr.  f.  klin.  Med.,  iii,  411.  Hosslln,  '89, 
Miinch.  med.  Woch.,  xxxvi,  815.  Howell,  '90,  J.  mor- 
pliol.,  iv,  57.  Lowit,  '91,  Arch.  f.  mikr.  Anat.,  xxxviii, 
524.  Oppel,  '92,  Cbl.  f.  allg.  Path.  u.  path.  Anat.,  hi,  193, 
241.  Kiefer,  '92,  Medical  news,  lx,  225.  Hall  and 
Eubank,  '96,  J.  exp.  med.,  i,  656.  Arnold,  '96,  Virch. 
Arch.,  cxlv,  1.  Pappenheim,  '96,  Yirch.  Arch.,  cxlv,  587. 
Eger,  '97,  Ztschr.  f.  klin.  Med.,  xxxii,  335.  Salamonson 
and  Madsen,  '98,  Ann.  de  l'inst.  Pasteur,  xii,  763.  Schau- 
mann  and  Willebrand,  '99,  Berl.  klin.  Woch.,  xxxvi,  9, 
60.  Mathews,  '99,  Am.  j.  physiol.,  iii,  53.  Dawson,  '00, 
Am.  j.  physiol.,  iv,  1.  Jolly,  '01,  C.  r.  soc.  de  biol., 
1183.  Heinz,  '01,  Beitr.  z.  path.  Anat.  (Ziegler),  xxix, 
299.  Patton,  Gulland,  and  Fowler,  '02,  J.  physiol., 
xxviii,  83. 

Haemolysis.  —  Mosso,  '88,  Arch.  f.  exp.  Path.  u.  Phar- 
makol.,  xxv,  111.  Ehrlich,  '92,  Ztschr.  f.  Hygiene  und 
Infectionskrankheiten,  xii,  183.  Pfeiffer,  '96,  Deut.  med. 
Woch.,  xxii,  97,  119.  Pfeiffer  and  Kolle,  '96,  Dent, 
med.  Woch.,  xxii,  185.  Bordet,  '98,  Ann.  de  l'inst. 
Pasteur,  xii,  688.  Plimmer,  '98,  J.  path,  and  bact.,  v, 
489.  Bordet,  '99,  Ann.  de  l'inst.  Pasteur,  xiii,  273. 
Tchistowitch,  '99,  Ann.  de  l'inst.  Pasteur,  xiii,  406.  Met- 
schnikoff,  '99,  Ann.  de  l'inst.  Pasteur,  xiii,  737-  Dun- 
gern,  '99,  Mimch.  med.  Woch.,  xlvi,  405,  449,  1228. 
Landsteiner,  '99,  Cbl.  f.  Bakt.,  xxv,  546.  Ehrlich  and 
Morgenroth,  '99,  Berl.  klin.  Woch.,  xxxvi,  6,  481;  '00, 
ibid.,  xxxvii,  453.  Krompacher,  '00,  Cbl.  f.  Bakt.,  xxviii, 
588.  Wolf,  '00,  Ann.  de  l'inst.  Pasteur,  xiv,  297-  Ehrlich, 
'00,  Proc.  roy.  soc,  London,  lxvi,  424.  Bordet,  '00,  Ann. 
de  l'inst.  Pasteur,  xiv,  257-  Bullock  and  Hunter,  '00, 
Cbl.  f.  Bakt.,  xxviii,  865.  Meltzer,  '01,  Med.  record, 
N.  Y.,  lx,  161.  Ehrlich  and  Morgenroth,  '01,  Berl.  klin. 
Woch.,  xxxviii,  251,  569,  598.  Uhlenhuth,  '01,  Deut. 
med.  Woch.,  xxvii,  82,  260,  499.  Wassermann  and 
Schutze,  '01,  Berl.  klin.  Woch.,  xxxviii,  187.  Welch, 
'02,  Johns  Hopkins  hospital  bulletin,  xiii,  285.  Stewart, 
'02,  Am.  j.  physiol.,  viii,  103.  Korschun  and  Morgen- 
roth, '02,  Berl.  klin.  Woch.,  xxxix,  870.  Abbot  and  Ber- 
gey,  '02,  Cbl.  f.  Bakt.,  xxxii,  260.  Kraus  and  Sternberg, 
'02,  ibid.,  xxxii,  903. 

Gland  cells  in  rest  and  activity.  —  Heidenhain,  '75, 


44  PHYSIOLOGY  AT  HARVARD 

Pfliiger's  Arch.,  x,  557.  Langley,  79,  J.  physiol.,  ii,  261. 
Langley  and  Sewall,  '80,  J.  physiol.,  ii,  281.  Langley, 
'82,  J.  physiol.,  iii,  269.  Kuhne  and  Lea,  82,  Unter- 
suchungen  aus  dem  physiologischen  Institut  der  Universitat, 
Heidelberg,  ii,  448.  Heidenhain,  '83,  Hermann's  Hand- 
buch  der  Physiologie,  v,  381.  Dbach,  '89,  Arch.  f.  physiol., 
96.  Langley,  '89,  J.  physiol.,  x,  433.  Grandes,*  '90, 
Arch.  ital.  de  biol.,  xiv,  160.  Steinhaus,  '92,  Arch.  f. 
physiol.,  supplement,  54.  Majewski,  '94,  Internat.  Monat- 
schr.  f.  Anat.  und  Physiol.,  xi,  177.  Ranvier,  '94,  C.  r., 
cxviii,  168.  Huie,  '97,  Quart,  jour.  mic.  sci.,  xxxix,  387 ; 
'98,  J.  physiol.,  xxiii,  p.  vi.  Mathews,  '99,  J.  morphol., 
xv,  supplement,  171.  Garnier,  '00,  J.  de  l'anat.  et  de  la 
physiol.,  xxxvi,  22;  '00,  J.  de  physiol.  et  path,  gen.,  ii,  539. 
Kolossow,  '02,  An.  Anz.,  xxi,  226. 

Internal  secretion  of  the  pancreas.  —  v.  Mering 
and  Minkowski,  '90,  Arch.  f.  exp.  Path.  u.  Pharmakol., 
xxvi,  371.  Lepine  and  Barral,  '90,  0.  r.,  ex,  1314 ;  '91, 
ibid.,  cxiii,  1014.  Hedon,  '91,  Arch,  de  physiol.,  xxiii, 
788;  '91,  Arch,  de  med.  exper.,  iii,  341;  '92,  C.  r.  soc.  de 
biol.,  307;  '93,  C.  r.,  cxvii,  238.  Minkowski,  '93,  Arch.  f. 
exp.  Path.  u.  Pharmakol.,  xxxi,  85.  Chauveatj  and  Kall- 
mann, '93,  C.  r.  soc.  de  biol.,  29;  '93,  C.  r.,  cxvi,  226. 
Hedon,  '94,  Arch,  de  physiol.,  xxvi,  269.  Kaufmann,  '94, 
C.  r.  soc.  de  biol.,  130,  254,  284,  669  ;  95,  ibid.,  55  ;  '95, 
C.  r.,  exx,  113  ;  '95,  Arch,  de  physiol.,  xxvii,  266,  287,  385. 
Lepine,  '95,  C.  r.,  exx,  139.  Weintraud,  '96,  Arch.  f. 
exp.  Path.  u.  Pharmakol.,  xxxiv,  303.  Biedl,  '98,  Cbl.  f. 
Physiol.,  xii,  624.  Domenicis,  '98,  Wien.  med.  Woch., 
xlviii,  1985,  2032,  2082.  Tuckett,  '99,  J.  physiol.,  xxv, 
63.  Lepine,  '99,  C.  r.  soc.  de  biol.,  volume  jubilaire,  352. 
Lepine,  and  Boulttd,  '00,  C.  r.  soc.  de  biol.,  723.  Lepine, 
'00,  C.  r.  soc.  de  biol.,  1006.  Schlltze,  '00,  Arch.  f.  mikr. 
Anat.,  lvi,  491.  Opie,  '01,  J.  exp.  med.,  v,  527-  Ssobelew, 
'02,  Virch.  Arch.,  clxviii,  91. 

Excretion  of  urea.  —  Meissner,  '66,  Ztschr.  f.  rat. 
Med.,  xxvi,  225.  Grehant,  '70,  J.  de  l'anat.  et  de  la  phys- 
iol., vii,  318.  Heidenhain,  '74,  Pfliiger's  Arch.,  ix,  1. 
Nussbaum,  '78,  Pfliiger's  Arch.,  xvi,  139  ;  '78,  ibid.,  xvii, 
580.  Adami,  '85,  J.  physiol,  vi,  382.  Disse,  '92,  Ref. 
u.  Beitr.  z.  Anat.  u.  Entwick.  (Merkel  and  Bonnet),  Anat. 
Hefte,  ii,  141.    Sobieranski,  '95,  Arch.  f.  exp.  Path.  u. 


THE  FIRST-YEAR  COURSE  45 

Pharmakol.,  xxxv,  144.  Trambusti,  '98,  Arch.  ital.  de  biol., 
xxx,  426.  Bain  and  Edgecombe,  '99,  J.  physiol,  xxiii, 
499.  Starling,  '99,  J.  physiol.,  xxiv,  317.  Schwarz,  '99, 
Arch.  f.  exp.  Path.  u.  Pharmakol.,  xliii,  1.  Beddard,  '02, 
J.  physiol.,  xxviii,  20. 

Elimination  of  poisons.  —  Brunton,  74,  Practitioner, 
xii,  408.  Lautenbacb,  77,  Phila.  med.  times,  vii,  387. 
Hoppe-Selyer,  77,  Physiologische  Chemie,  Berlin,  p.  314. 
Bouchard,  '86,  Gaz.  hebd.  de  med.  et  chir.,  xxiii,  205, 
221;  [86,  C.  r.,  cii,  1127.  Brunton,  '86,  On  disorders  of 
digestion,  London,  201.  Minkowski,  '86,  Arch.  f.  exp. 
Path.  u.  Pharmakol.,  xxi,  41.  Bouchard,  '89,  Arch,  de 
physiol.,  xxi,  637.  Roger,  '89,  Gazette  medicale  de  Paris, 
vi,  295.  Hahn,  Massen,  Nencki,  and  Pawlow,  '93,  Arch. 
f.  exp.  Path.  u.  Pharmakol.,  xxxii,  161.  Minkowski,  '95, 
Lubarsch  and  Ostertag's  Ergeb.  d.  allg.  Path.,  734.  Roger, 
'96,  C.  r.  soc.  de  biol.,  976.  Forchheimer  and  Stewart, 
'99,  Am.  j.  med.  sci.,  cxviii,  297.  Arloing,  '99,  J.  de  physiol. 
et  path,  gen.,  i,  249,  268.  Claude  and  Balthasard,  '99,  J. 
de  physiol.  et  path,  gen.,  i,  495.  Maviet  and  Ardin- 
Delteil,  '00,  C.  r.  soc.  de  biol.,  982,  1013.  Brouardel, 
'01,  Ann.  d'hyg.,  xlvi,  481. 

Effect  of  food  on  the  nature  of  the  digestive  secre- 
tions.—  Beaumont,  '33,  Experiments  and  observations  on 
the  gastric  juice  and  the  physiology  of  digestion,  Plattsburgh. 
Heidenhain,  '79,  Pfliiger's  Arch.,  xix,  148.  Rosenberg, 
'90,  Pfliiger's  Arch.,  xlvi,  334.  Chischin,  '94,  Jahres- 
Bericht  iiber  die  Eortschritte  der  Thier-Chemie,  xxiv,  347- 
Chittenden,  Mendel,  and  Jackson,  '98,  Am.  j.  physiol.,  i, 
164.  Chittenden  and  Richards,  '98,  Am.  j.  Physiol,  i, 
461.  Schule,  '99,  Therapeutische  Monatshefte,  xiii,  601. 
Leconte,  '00,  La  cellule,  xvii,  285.  Wertheimer  and 
Lepage,  '01,  J.  de  physiol.  et.  path,  gen.,  iii,  335.  Erouin 
and  Molinier,  '01,  C.  r.,  cxxxii,  1001.  Herzen,  '01, 
Pfliiger's  Arch.,  Ixxxiv,  101.  Potapow-Procaitis,  '01,  Cbi. 
f.  Physiol,  xv,  141.  Bayltss  and  Starling,  '02,  J.  physiol., 
xxviii,  325.  Pawlow,  '02,  "Work  of  the  digestive  glands, 
London.  Bayliss  and  Starling,  03,  J.  physiol.,  xxix,  174. 
Popielski,  '03,  Wiener  med.  Presse  (July). 

Production  of  glycogen.  — Bernard,  '48,  C.  r.,  xxvii, 
249,  253,  514;  '57,  Cr„  xliv,  578,  1325.  Salomon,  74, 
Yirch.  Arch.,  lxi,  343.     Luchsinger,  74,  Pfliiger's  Arch., 


46  PHYSIOLOGY  AT  HARVARD 

viii,  289.  Wolffberg,  76,  Ztschr.  f.  Biol.,  xii,  266.  Ber- 
nard, 77,  C.  r.,  lxxxiv,  1201;  lxxxv,  519.  Mater,  78, 
Pfluger's  Arch.,  xvii,  164 ;  79,  ibid.,  xx,  55.  Musculus 
and  v.  Mering,  79,  Ztschr.  f.  physiol.  Chem.,  ii,  403. 
Maydl,  79,  Ztschr.  f.  physiol.  Chem.,  iii,  186.  Seegen 
and  Kratschmer,  '80,  Pfluger's  Arch.,  xxii,  214 ;  '81,  ibid., 
xxiv,  467 ;  '81,  ibid.,  xxv,  165  ;  '82,  ibid.,  xxviii,  99.  Chit- 
tenden and  Lambert,  '84,  Studies,  laboratory  Sheffield 
scientific  school,  iii,  171.  Pfluger,  '88,  Pfluger's  Arch., 
xlii,  144.  Yoit,  '91,  Ztschr.  f.  Biol.,  xxviii,  245.  Bial, 
'93,  Pfluger's  Arch.,  lv,  434.  Paton,  '94,  Phil,  tr.,  London, 
clxxxv,  233.  Cavazzani,  '94,  Arch.  ital.  de  biol.,  xsi,  447; 
'95,  ibid.,  xxiii,  140.  Mosse,  '96,  Pfluger's  Arch.,  lxiii,  613. 
Zuntz,  '96,  Cbl.  f.  Physiol.,  x,  561.  Kaufmann,  '96,  Arch, 
de  physiol.,  xxviii,  151.  Montuori,  '96,  Arch.  ital.  de  biol., 
xxv,  144.  Paton,  '97,  J.  physiol.,  xxii,  121.  Schondorff, 
'00,  Pfliiger's  Arch.,  lxxxii,  60.  Bouchard  and  Desgrez, 
'00,  J.  de  physiol.  et  path,  gen.,  ii,  237.  Blumenthal  and 
Wohlgemuth,  '01,  Berl.  klin.  Woch.,  xxxviii,  391. 

Origin  of  urea.  —  Meissner,  '68,  Ztschr.  f.  rationelle 
Med.,  xxxi,  144,  234.  Munk,  75,  Pfluger's  Arch.,  xi,  100. 
Salkowski,  77,  Ztschr.  f.  physiol.  Chem.,  i,  1.  v.  Schroder, 
'82,  Arch.  f.  exp.  Path.  u.  Pharmakol.,  xv,  364.  Schon- 
dorff, '93,  Pfliiger's  Arch.,  liv,  420.  Hahn,  Massen, 
Nencki,  and  Pawlow,  '93,  Arch.  f.  exp.  Path.  u.  Pharmakol., 
xxxii,  161.  Hichet,  '94,  C.  r.  soc.  de  biol.,  368,  525;  '94, 
C.  r.,  cxviii,  1125.  Munzer,  '94,  Arch.  f.  exp.  Path.  u. 
Pharmakol.,  xxxiii,  164.  Kaufmann,  '94,  Arch,  de  physiol., 
xxvi,  531.  Nenckt,  Pawlow,  and  Zaleski,  '96,  Arch.  f. 
exp.  Path.  u.  Pharmakol,  xxxvii,  26.  Hofmeister,  '97, 
Arch.  f.  exp.  Path.  u.  Pharmakol.,  xxxvii,  426.  Nencki  and 
Pawlow,  '97,  Arch.  f.  exp.  Path.  u.  Pharmakol.,  xxxviii, 
215.  Schwarz,  '98,  Arch.  f.  exp.  Path.  u.  Pharmakol.,  xli, 
60.  Loewi,  '98,  Ztschr.  f.  physiol.  Chem.,  xxv,  511. 
Gottlieb,  '99,  Arch.  f.  exp.  Path.  u.  Pharmakol.,  xlii,  238. 
Schondorff,  '99,  Pfluger's  Arch.,  lxxiv,  307,  357-  v. 
Karltreu,  '00,  Arch.  f.  exp.  Path.  u.  Pharmakol.,  xlv,  58. 
Gulewitsch,  '00,  Ztschr.  f.  physiol.  Chem.,  xxx,  523. 

Alcohol  as  food ;  its  stimulant  effect  on  metab- 
olism. —  Dietl  and  Vintschgau,  78,  Pfluger's  Arch., 
xvi,  316.  Martin  and  Stevens,  '83,  Studies  from  the 
biological  laboratory  of  the  John  Hopkins  University,  ii,  477* 


THE   FIRST-YEAR   COURSE  47 

Reichert,  '90,  Therapeutic  gazette,  xiv,  73.  v.  Noorden, 
'91,  Berl.  klin.  Woch.,  xxviii,  554.  Strassmann,  '91, 
Pfliiger's  Arch.,  xlix,  315.  Miura,  '92,  Ztschr.  f.  klin.  Med., 
xx.,  137.  Smith,  '95,  Arch.  f.  Psychiat.  u.  Nervenkrankh., 
xxvii,  968.  Abbott,  '96,  J.  exp.  med.,  i,  447.  Chitten- 
den and  Mendel,  '96,  Am.  j.  med.  sci.,  cxi,  35,  163,  314, 
431.  Wilmans,  '97,  Pfliiger's  Arch.,  lxvi,  167.  Hodge, 
'97,  Pop.  sci.  mo.,  1,  594.  Chittenden,  Mendel,  and  Jack- 
son, '98,  Am.  j.  physiol.,  i,  164.  Schefeer,  '00,  Arch.  f. 
exp.  Path.  u.  Pharmakol.,  xliv,  24.  Laitinen,  '00,  Ztschr. 
f.  Hyg.  xxxiv,  206.  Atwater,  '00,  Harper's  monthly  maga- 
zine, ci,  675.  Rosemann,  '01,  Pfliiger's  Arch.,  lxxxvi,  307. 
Lee,  '02,  Am.  j.  physiol.,  viii,  61.  Atwater  and  Benedict, 
'02,  Memoirs  nat.  acad.  of  sci.,  viii,  235.  Schmiedeberg, 
'02,  Grundnss  der  Pharmakologie,  Leipzig.  Benedict,  '02, 
Bost.  m.  and  s.  jour.,  cxlvii,  31.  Kassowitz,  '02,  Pfliiger's 
Arch.,  xc,  421. 

Fever. — Eulenburg  and  Landois,  '76,  Virch.  Arch., 
lxviii,  245.  Wegscheider,  '77,  Virch.  Arch.,  lxix,  172. 
Walton,  '80,  Bost.  m.  and  s.  jour.,  cii,  553.  Wood,  '81, 
Smithsonian  contributions,  xxiii,  article  vi.  Zuntz,  '82,  Cbl. 
f.  d.  med.  Wiss.,  xx,  561.  Pinkler,  '82,  Pfliiger's  Arch., 
xxix,  89.  Lilieneeld,  '83,  Pfliiger's  Arch.,  xxxii,  293. 
Aronsohn  and  Sachs,  '85,  Pfliiger's  Arch.,  xxxvii,  232. 
Ott,  '89,  Brain,  xi,  433.  Maragliano,  '89,  Arch.  ital.  de 
biol.,  xi,  195.  Mosso,  '90,  Arch.  ital.  de  biol,  xiii,  451. 
White,  '90,  J.  physiol,  xi,  1 ;  '91,  J.  anat.  and  physiol., 
xxv,  374.  Rosenthal,  '91,  Biol.  Cbl.,  xi,  566.  Krehl, 
'95,  Arch.  f.  exp.  Path.  u.  Pharmakol.,  xxxv,  222.  Loevy 
and  Richter,  '96,  Virch.  Arch.,  cxlv,  49.  Krehl  and 
Matthes,  '97,  Arch.  f.  exp.  Path.  u.  Pharmakol.,  xxxviii, 
284.  Krehl  and  Soetbeer,  '98,  Arch.  f.  exp.  Path.  u. 
Pharmakol.,  xl,  275.  Krehl  and  Kratzsch,  '98,  Arch.  f. 
exp.  Path.  u.  Pharmakol.,  xli,  185.  Hutchison,  '98,  J.  path, 
and  bact.,  v,  406.  Paton,  Dunlop,  and  Macadam,  '99,  J. 
physiol.,  xxiv,  331.  Krehl,  '02,  Ztschr.  f.  allg.  Physiol, 
i,  Sammelreferate,  29. 

Phosphorescence.  —  Quatrefages,  '62,  Pop.  sci.  rev., 
i,  275.  Milne  Edwards,  '63,  Lecons  sur  la  physiol.  et 
l'anat.  comparee,  Paris,  viii,  100.  Schultze,  '65,  Arch.  f. 
mikr.  Anat.,  i,  124.  Young,  '70,  Am.  nat.,  iii,  615.  Pflu- 
ger,  '75,  Pfliiger's  Arch.,  xi,  222.     Dreher  and  Gaedicke, 


48  PHYSIOLOGY  AT  HARVARD 

'81,  Die  Natur,  No.  39.  Gadeatj  de  Kerville,  '81  and  '87, 
Les  iusectes  phosphorescents,  Rouen.  Langley  and  Very, 
'90,  Am.  j.  sci.,  xl,  98.  Watase,  '95,  Biol,  lectures,  Woods 
Hole,  p.  101.  Otto,  '96,  C.  r.  cxxiii,  1005.  Kutscher,  '97, 
Ztschr.  f.  physiol.  Chem.,  xxiii,  109.  Le  Bon,  '00,  Rev. 
scientifique,  xiv,  289,  327.  Ludwig,  '01,  Cbl.  f.  Bakt., 
vii,  270. 

Ciliary  activity.  —  Engelmann,  '68,  Elimmerbewe- 
gungen,  Leipzig.  Wyman,  '71,  Am.  nat.,  v.  611.  Bow- 
ditch,  '76,  Boston  m.  and  s.  jour.,  xcv,  159.  Engelmann, 
'77,  Pfliiger's  Arch.,  xv.  493;  '80,  ibid.,  xxiii,  505.  Gaule, 
'81,  Arch.  f.  Physiol.,  153.  Grutzner,  '83,  Cbl.  med.  Wiss., 
xxi,  788.  Martius,  '84,  Arch.  f.  Physiol.,  456.  Just, 
'86-7,  Biol.  Cbl.,  vi,  123.  Kraft,  '90,  Pniiger's  Arch., 
xlvii,  196.  Verworn,  '91,  Pfliiger's  Arch.,  xlviii,  149. 
Schafer,  '91,  Proc.  roy.  soc,  London,  xlix,  193.  Jensen, 
'93,  Pfliiger's  Arch.,  lir,  537-  Weinland,  '94,  Pfliiger's 
Arch.,  lviii,  105.  Parker,'  96,  Bulletin  of  the  museum  of 
comparative  zoology  at  Harvard  College,  xxix,  113.  Yer- 
worn,  '99,  General  physiology,  London.  Bergel,  '00, 
Pfliiger's  Arch.,  lxxviii,  441.  Lillie,  '01,  Am.  j.  physiol., 
v,  56;  '02,  ibid.,  vii,  25. 

Nature  of  muscular  contractility.  —  Engelmann,  '75, 
Pfliiger's  Arch.,  xi,  432.  Hermann,  '79,  Handbuch  der 
Physiologie,  i,  241.  Montgomery,  '81,  Pfliiger's  Arch., 
xxv,  497.  d'Arsonval,  '89,  Arch,  de  physiol.,  xxi,  460. 
Schafer,  '91,  Internat.  Monatschr.  f.  Anat.  u.  Physiol., 
viii,  177;  Proc.  roy.  soc,  London,  xlix,  193.  Fick,  '93, 
Pfliiger's  Arch.,  liii,  606.  Engelmann,  '93,  Pfliiger's  Arch., 
liv,  108,  637.  Pick,  '93,  Pfliiger's  Arch.,  liv,  313.  Engel- 
mann, '95,  Proc.  roy.  soc,  London,  lvii,  411.  Bottazzi,'  97, 
J.  physiol.,  xxi,  1.  Imbert,  '97,  Arch,  de  physiol.,  xxix, 
289.  M'Dougall,  '97,  J.  anat.  and  physiol.,  xxxi,  539  ; 
'98,  ibid.,  xxxii,  187-  Latjlanie,  '98,  Energetique  muscu- 
laire,  Paris.  Verworn,  '99,  General  physiology,  London. 
Hardy,  '99,  Proc.  roy.  soc,  London,  lxvi,  95.  Jensen, '99, 
Pfliiger's  Arch.,  lxxvii,  107.  Loeb,  '00,  Am.  j.  physiol.,  iii, 
329,  383.  Bernstein,  '01,  Pfliiger's  Arch.,  lxxxv,  271. 
Loeb,  '02,  Am.  j.  physiol.,  vi,  411. 

Changes  in  nerve  cells  in  rest  and  activity.  —  Bow- 
ditch,  '85,  J.  physiol,  vi,  133.  Hodge,  '88,  Am.  j.  psychol., 
i,  479;  '89,  ibid.,  ii,  376.     Korybutt-Daskiewicz,  '89, 


THE   FIRST-YEAR   COURSE  49 

Arch.  f.  mikr.  Anat.,  xxxiii,  51.  Hodge,  '91,  Am.  j.  psychol., 
iii,  530;  '92,  J.  morphol.,  vii,  95;  '94,  ibid.,  ix,  449;  '94, 
J.  physiol.,  xvii,  129.  Manw,  '94,  J.  anat.  and  physiol.,  xxix, 
100.  Lugaro,  '95,  Arch.  ital.  de  biol.,  xxiv,  258.  Eye, 
'96,  J.  physiol.,  xx,  334.  Nissl,  '96,  Allg.  Ztschr.  f. 
Psychiat.,  hi,  1147-  Pugnat,  '97,  C.  r.,  cxxv,  736.  Hodge 
and  Goddard,  '99,  Am.  j.  physiol.,  ii,  p.  xiii.  Warrington, 
'99,  J.  physiol.,  xxiii,  112  ;  xxiv,  464.  Guerrini,  '99,  Arch, 
ital.  de  biol,  xxxii,  62.  Muhlmann,  '01,  Arch.  f.  mikr.  Anat. 
lviii,  231.  Halliburton,  '01,  The  chemical  side  of  nervous 
activity,  London.  Pugnat,  '01,  J.  de  physiol.  et  path,  gen., 
iii,  183.  Ceni  and  Pastrovich,  ;02,  Arch. ital.  de  biol.,  xxxvii. 
298.  Guerrini,  '02,  ibid.,  xxxvii,  247-  Brodie  and  Halli- 
burton, '02,  J.  physiol,  xxviii,  181.  Holmes,  '03,  Ztschr. 
f.  allg.  Physiol.,  ii,  502. 

Effects  on  nerve  cells  of  toxines  and  of  changes  in 
temperature  and  blood  supply.  —  Sarbo,  '95,  Neurol. 
Cbl,  xiv,  664.  Stewart,  '96,  J.  exp.  med.,  i,  623.  Nissl, 
97,  Allg.  Ztschr.  f.  Psychiat.,  liv,  1.  Marinesco,  '97,  La 
presse  med.,  v.  41;  C.  r.  soc  de  biol.  795.  Degerme,  '97, 
C.  r.  soc.  de  biol.,  728.  Hoch,  '97,  Am.  j.  insanity,  liv, 
589.  Bauer,  '98,  Deut.  Ztschr.  f.  Nervenh.  xii,  1.  Laslett 
and  Warrington,  '98,  Brain,  xxi,  224.  Wright,  '98, 
Brain,  xxi,  186.  Babes,  '98,  Berl.  klin.  Woch.,  xxxv,  6, 
36,  56.  Goldscheider  and  Brasch,  '98,  Portschr.  d.  Med. 
xvi,  126.  Goldscheider  and  Platau,  '98,  Norm.  u.  path. 
Anat.  d.  Nervenzellen,  Berhn.  Nichols,  '99,  J.  exp.  med. 
iv,  189.  Hallibubton,  '01,  Chemical  side  of  nervous 
activity,  Croonian  lecture.  Vebger  and  Soule,  '02,  C.  r. 
soc.  de  biol.,  427«  Kilvington,  '02,  J.  physiol.,  xxviii, 
426. 

Nature  of  the  nerve  impulse.  —  Hermann,  '84,  Bio- 
logical  memoirs,  edited  by  Burdon-Sanderson,  Oxford,  1887- 
Bowditch,  '85,  J.  physiol.,  vi,  133.  Kuhne,  '86,  Ztschr. 
f.  Biol.,  xxii,  305.  Bernstein,  '88,  Untersuchungen  aus 
dem  physiologischen  Institut,  Halle,  i,  59.  James,  '90,  Text 
bk.  of  psvchol.,  ii,  5S1.  Boruttau,  '94,  Pfliiger's  Arch. ,  lviii, 
1;  '94,  ibid.,  lix,  47;  '96,  ibid.,  lxiii,  145.  Hering,  '97, 
Brain,  xx,  232.  Cybulski,  '97,  Cbl.  f.  Phvsiol,  xi,  529. 
Bernstein,  '99,  Biol.  Cbl.,  xix,  289.  Werigo,  '99,  Pflii- 
ger's  Arch.,  lxxvi,  556.  Boruttau,  '99,  Pniiger's  Arch., 
Ixxvi,  626.     Hering,  '99,  Academischer  Yortrag,  Leipzig. 

4 


50  PHYSIOLOGY  AT   HARVARD 

Budgett  and  Green,  '99,  Am.  j.  physiol.,  iii,  115.  Strong, 
'00,  J.  phvsiol.,  xxv,  427-  Boruttau,  '01,  Pfliiger's  Arch., 
lxxxiv,  309.  Werigo,  '01,  Pfliiger's  Arch.,  lxxxiv,  547. 
Boruttau,  '02,  Pfliiger's  Arch.,  xc,  233.  Mathews,  '02, 
Science,  xv,  492.  Boruttau,  '02,  Ztschr.  f.  allg.  Physiol., 
i,  Sammelreferate,  1.  Brodie  and  Halliburton,  '02,  J.  phy- 
siol.,  xxviii,  181. 

Cross-suturing  of  nerves.  — Flourens,  '42,  Recherches 
experiraentales  snr  les  proprietes  et  les  fonctions  du  systeme 
nerveux,  Paris,  p.  272.  Bidder,  '41,  Arch.  f.  Anat.,  Phys- 
iol., u.  wiss.  Med.,  102  ;  '65,  ibid.,  246.  Schiff,  '60,  J. 
de  la  phvsiol.,  iii,  217.  Philipeaux  and  Vulpian,  '63,  J. 
de  la  phvsiol.,  vi,  421.  Rawa,  '85,  Arch.  f.  Physiol.,  296. 
Reichert,  '85,  Am.  J.  med.  sci.,  lxxxix,  146.  Howell  and 
Huber,  '92,  J.  physiol.,  xiii,  335.  Langley,  '95,  J.  phvs- 
iol., xviii,  280 ;  '97,  ibid.,  xxii,  215  ;  '98,  ibid.,  xxiii,  240. 
Cunningham,  '98,  Am.  j.  phvsiol.,  i,  239.  Budgett  and 
Green,  '99,  Am.  j.  physiol.,  iii,  115.  Kennedy  and  McKen- 
drick,  '01,  Phil,  tr.,  London,  cxc  (B),  127-  Cdshing,  '03, 
Ann.  of  surgery,  xxxvii,  641. 

Sensory  areas  in  the  cortex  of  the  brain.  —  Ferrier, 
and  Yeo,  '84,  Phil,  tr.,  London,  clxxv,  479.  Ferrier,  '86, 
Functions  of  the  brain,  London.  Horsley  and  Schafer, 
'88,  Phil,  tr.,  London,  clxxix  (B),  1.  Schafer,  '88,  Brain, 
xi,  1.  Goltz,  '92,  Pfliiger's  Arch.,  li,  570.  Ransom,  '92, 
Brain,  xv,  437.  Schafer,  '94,  ii,  Brit.  med.  jour.,  189. 
Mott,  '94,  J.  physiol,  xv,  464.  Flechsig,  '96,  Die  Locali- 
sation der  geistigen  Vorgange,  Leipzig.  Munk,  '96,  Sitz.  d. 
konigl.  preuss.  Akad.  d.  Wiss.,  Berlin,  1131.  Thomson, 
'97,  Edinb.  med.  j.,  xliii,  512.  Schafer,  '98,  J.  physiol., 
xxiii,  310.  Goltz,  '99,  Pfliiger's  Arch.,  lxxvi,  411.  Bech- 
terew,  '99,  Arch.  f.  Physiol.,  supplement,  391.  Gorsch- 
kow,  '01,  Neur.  Cbl.,  xx,  1092.  Walton  and  Paul,  '01, 
Brain,  xxiv,  430.     Franz,  '02,  Am.  j.  physiol.,  viii,  1. 

Aphasia.  —  Broca,  '63,  Bulletins  de  la  societe  d'authro- 
pologie,  Paris,  iv,  200;  '66,  ibid.,  vi,  377-  Wernicke,  '74, 
Der  aphasische  Symptomencomplex,  Breslau.  Hugh  lings- 
Jackson,  '78-9,  Brain,  i,  304;  ii,  203,  323.  Lichtheim, 
'84,  Brain,  vii,  433 ;  '85,  Deut.  Arch.  f.  klin.  Med.,  xxxvi, 
204.  Ferrier,  '86,  Functions  of  the  Brain,  London. 
Ross,  '87?  On  aphasia,  London.  Naunyn,  '88,  Biol.  Cbl., 
vii,  466.     Starr,  '89,  Brain,  xii,  82.     Bateman,  '90,  On 


THE  FIRST-YEAR  COURSE  51 

aphasia,  or  loss  of  speech,  second  edition,  London.  Deje- 
rine,  '92,  C.  r.  soc.  de  biol.,  61.  Gowers,  '93,  Diseases  of 
the  nervous  system,  London.  Laplace,  '93,  Journal  of 
nervous  and  mental  diseases,  xx,  191.  Thomas,  '97,  C.  r. 
soc.  de  biol.,  951.  Thomson,  '97,  Edinb.  med.  jour.,  xliii, 
512.  Bastian,  '97,  Lancet,  i,  933,  1005.  Collins,  '98, 
Genesis  and  dissolution  of  the  faculty  of  speech,  New  York. 
Bishoff,  '99,  Arch.  f.  Psychiat.  u.  Nervenkrankh.,  xxxii, 
730.     Risch,  '02,  Allg.  Ztschr.  f.  Psychiat.,  lix,  306. 

Trophic  nerves.  —  Ebstein,  '74,  Arch.  f.  exp.  Path.  u. 
Pharmakol.,  ii,  183.  Nothnagel,  74,  Cbl.  f.  d.  med.  Wiss., 
xii,  209.  Jehn,  '74,  ibid.,  xii,  340.  Vulpian,  '75,  Lecons 
sur  l'appareil  vasomoteur,  Paris.  Letvaschew,  '83,  Cbl.  f. 
d.  med.  Wiss.,  xxi,  193.  Joseph,  '87,  Vireh.  Arch.,  cvii, 
119.  Mendel,  '88,  Neur.  Cbl.,  vii,  401.  Samuel,  '88, 
Virch.  Arch.,  cxiii,  272.  Laborde,  '89,  C.  r.  soc.  de  biol., 
126.  Glet,  '91,  C.  r.  soc.  de  biol.,  173.  Howell  and 
Huber,  '91,  J.  physiol.,  xii,  5.  Gaule,  '91,  Cbl.  f.  Physiol., 
t.  689.  Eckhard,  '92,  Cbl.  f.  Physiol.,  vi,  328.  Gaule, 
'92,  Cbl.  f.  Physiol.,  vi,  361;  '93,  ibid.,  vii,  646.  Sher- 
rington, '94,  J.  physiol.,  xvii,  211.  Durdtjfi,  '94,  Cbl.  f. 
allg.  Path.  u.  path.  Anat.,  v,  509.  Warrington,  '97,  J. 
physiol.,  xxiii,  112.  Hofmann,  '97,  Virch.  Arch.,  cl,  161. 
Morat,  '97,  C  r.,  cxxiv,  1173.  Morat  and  Doton,  '97, 
C.  r.,  cxxv,  124.  Bikeles  and  Jasinski,  '98,  Cbl.  f.  Phy- 
siol., xii,  345.  Abraham,  '99,  Arch.  f.  mikr.  Anat.,  liv, 
224.  Head  and  Campbell,  '00,  Brain,  xxiii ;  Berger  and 
Loewt,  '02,  C.  r.  soc.  de  biol.,  liv,  688. 

Reflexes  from  sympathetic  ganglia.  —  Bernard,  '62, 
J.  de  la  physiol.,  v,  400.  Schiff,  '67,  Lecons  sur  la  phy- 
siologie  de  la  digestion,  i,  284.  Sokownin,  '77,  Hofmann 
and  Schwalbe's  Jahresbericht,  vi,  87.  Nussbaum,  '79,  ibid., 
viii,  64.  Roschansky,  '89,  Cbl.  f.  d.  med.  Wiss.,  xxvii,  162. 
Wertheimer,  '90,  Arch,  de  physiol.,  xxii,  519.  Nawrocki 
and  Skabitschewskt,  '91,  Pfliiger's  Arch.,  xlix,  141.  Pran- 
9ois-Franck,  '94,  Arch,  de  physiol.,  xxvi,  717-  Langley 
and  Anderson,  '94,  J.  physiol.,  xvi,  410.  Huber,  '97,  J. 
comp.  neur.,  vii,  73.  Courtade  and  Guyon,  '97,  C.  r.  soc. 
de  biol.,  792.  Langley,  '00,  J.  physiol.,  xxv,  364.  Wer- 
theimer and  Lepage,  '01,  J.  de  physiol.  et  path,  gen.,  iii, 
335.     Bayliss  and  Starling,  02,  J.  physiol.,  xxviii,  325. 

Effects  of  mental  states  on  visceral  functions. — 


52  PHYSIOLOGY  AT  HARVARD 

Darwin,  '73,  Expression  of  emotions  in  man  and  animals, 
New  York.  Lange,  '87,  Ueber  Gemiithsbewegungen,  Leip- 
zig. Bernheim,  '90,  Suggestive  therapeutics,  New  York  and 
London.  Moll,  '90,  Hypnotism,  second  edition,  London. 
James,  '90,  Principles  of  psychology,  ii,  442.  Mosso,  '96, 
Fear,  London  and  New  York.  Binet  and  Vaschide,  '96, 
L'annee  psychologique,  iii,  127.  Ribot,  '97,  The  psychology 
of  the  emotions,  London.  Cannon,  '98,  Am.  j.  physiol.,  i, 
359.  Goddard,  '99,  Am.  j.  psychol.,  x,  431.  Mosso,  '99, 
Decennial  celebration,  Clark  University,  p.  396.  Lehmann, 
'99,  Die  korperlichen  Aeusserungen  psychischer  Zustaude, 
Leipzig.  Leconte,  '00,  La  cellule,  xvii,  285.  Cannon,  '02, 
Am.  j.  physiol.,  vi,  251.  Pawlow,  '02,  Work  of  the  diges- 
tive glands,  London. 

Theories  of  accomodation  of  the  eye. — Becker,  '64, 
Med.  Jahrbucher  (Vienna),  xx,  1.  Smith,  '73,  Brit.  med. 
j.,  ii,  657.  Norton,  73,  Brit.  med.  j.,  ii,  749.  Hoch, 
'78,  Cbl.  f.  d.  med.  Wiss.,  xvi,  769.  Angelucci  and  Au- 
bert,  '80,  Pfliiger's  Arch.,  xxii,  69.  Barrett,  '85,  J. 
physiol,  vi,  46.  Schoen,  '87,  Arch.  f.  Physiol.,  224. 
Morat  and  Doyon,  '91,  Arch,  de  physiol.,  xxiii,  507. 
Heese,  '92,  Pfliiger's  Arch.,  Hi,  535.  Tscherning,  '94, 
Arch,  de  physiol.,  xxvi,  40.  Schoen,  '95,  Pfliiger's  Arch., 
lix,  427.  Tscherning,  '95,  Arch,  de  physiol.,  xxvii,  158, 
181.  Helmholtz,  '96,  Handbuch  der  physiologischen 
Optik,  Hamburg  and  Leipzig.  Hess,  '96,  Arch.  f.  Ophth., 
xlii,  part  1,  28S.  Crzellitzer,  '96,  Arch.  f.  Ophth.,  xlii, 
part  4,  36.  Heine,  '97,  Cbl.  f.  Physiol.,  xi,  353.  Hess, 
'97,  Arch.  f.  Ophth.,  xliii,  477.  Heine,  '98,  Cbl.  f. 
Physiol.,  xii,  417.  Romer  and  Dufour,  '02,  Arch.  f.  Ophth., 
liv,  491. 

Colorblindness. — Holmgren,  '75,  Cbl.  f.  d.  med. 
Wiss.,  xiii,  231.  Jeffries,  '79,  Color-blindness,  Boston. 
Hering,  '80,  Zur  Erklarung  der  Parbenblindheit,  Prague. 
Stilling,  '80,  Ueber  das  Sehen  der  Parbenblinden,  Cassel. 
Preyer,  '81,  Cbl.  f.  d.  med.  Wiss.,  xix,  1 ;  '81,  Pfliiger's 
Arch.,  xxv,  31.  Worms,  '86,  Le  daltonisme  chez  les  em- 
ployes de  chemins  de  fer,  Paris.  Green,  '91,  Color-blind- 
ness and  color  perception,  London.  Abney,  '94,  Tyndall 
lectures,  color  vision,  London,  v.  Kries,  '96,  Cbl.  f. 
Physiol.,  x,  148,  745.  Fick,  '96,  Pfliiger's  Arch.,  lxiv, 
313.    v.  Kries,  '97,  Ztschr.  f.  Psychol,  u.  Physiol,  d.  Sin- 


THE  FIRST-YEAR   COTJESE  53 

nesorg.,  xiii,  295.  Whitman,  '98,  Proc.  Am.  assoc.  adv. 
sci.,  xlvii,  83.  Franklin,  '98,  ibid.,  xlvii,  473.  Burch,  '98, 
Proc.  roy.  soc,  London,  lxiii,  35.  Scripture,  '99,  Science, 
n.  s.  ix,  771.  Beck,  '99,  Pfliiger's  Arch.,  lxxvi,  634. 
Konig,  '99,  Ztschr.  f.  Psychol,  u.  Physiol,  d.  Sinnesorg., 
xx,  326.  Burch,  '00,  Proc.  roy.  soc,  London,  lxvi,  204, 
216.  Uhthoef,  '02,  Ztschr.  f.  Psychol,  u.  Physiol,  d.  Sin- 
nesorg, xxvii,  344.     Hess,  '02,  ibid.,  xxix,  99. 

Functions  of  the  semicircular  canals. — Plottrens, 
Recherches  experimentales  sur  les  proprietes  et  les  fonctions 
du  systeme  nerveux,  Paris,  p.  454.  Goltz,  '70,  Pfluger'0! 
Arch.,  iii,  172.  v.  Cyon,  '74,  Pfliiger's  Arch.,  viii,  306. 
Crum  Brown,  '74,  J.  anat.  and  physiol.,  viii,  327.  James, 
'82,  Am.  j.  otol.,  iv,  239.  McBride,  '83,  J.  anat.  and  phys- 
iol., xvii,  211.  Sewall,  '83,  J.  physiol.,  iv,  339.  Bagin- 
ski,  '85,  Arch.  f.  Physiol.,  253.  Delage,  '86,  Archives  de 
zoologie  exper.  et  gen.,  second  series,  iv,  535.  Ewald,  '87, 
Pfliiger's  Arch.,  xli,  463.  Breuer,  '89,  Pfliiger's  Arch., 
xliv,  135.  Ewald,  '90,  Cbl.  f.  d.  med.  Wiss.,  xxviii,  114. 
Kreidl,  '92,  Pfliiger's  Arch.,  li,  119.  Girard,  '92,  Arch. 
de  physiol.,  xxiv,  353.  Matte,  '94,  Pfliiger's  Arch.,  lvii, 
437.  Bethe,  '94,  Biol.  Cbl,  xiv,  95,  563.  Lee,  '94,  J. 
physiol.,  xv,  311.  Lee,  '95,  J.  physiol.,  xvii,  192.  Breuer, 
'97,  Pfliiger's  Arch.,  lxviii,  596."  v.  Cton,  '97,  Arch.  f. 
Physiol.,  29.  Lee,  '98,  Am.  j.  physiol.,  i,  128.  Degan- 
ello,  99,  Arch.  ital.  de  biol.,  xxxii,  189.  Boutan,  '02, 
C.  r.  cxxxiv,  1601. 

Vowel  sounds. — Helmholtz,  '75,  Sensations  of  tone, 
Engl,  transl.,  London.  Jenkins  and  Ewing,  :77f  Nature, 
xvii,  384,  423.  Cross  and  Blake,  '78,  Nature,  xviii,  93. 
Jenkins  and  Ewing,  '78,  Nature,  xviii,  167,  340,  394,  454. 
Auerbach,  '78-9,  Nature,  xix,  122.  Preece  aud  Stroh, 
'79,  Proc.  roy.  soc,  London,  xxviii,  358.  Bell,  '79,  Am. 
j.  otol.,  i,  163.  Jenkins  and  Ewing,  '79,  Harmonic  analysis 
of  certain  vowel  sounds,  Edinburgh.  Mills,  '83,  J.  physiol., 
iv,  133.  Helmholtz,  '85,  Sensations  of  tone,  London. 
Hermann,  '94,  Pfliiger's  Arch.,  lviii,  264.  Le  Conte,  '95, 
Science,  n.  s.,  ii,  189.  Mills,  '95,  ibid.,  n.  s.,  ii,  303. 
Maraje,  '99,  C.  r.  soc.  de  biol.,  933.  Samojloff,  '99, 
Pfliiger's  Arch.,  lxxviii,  1 ;  '00,  Le  physiologiste  russe,  ii,  62. 
Bevier,  '01,  Nature,  lxi,  467.  Scripture,  '01,  Am.  j. 
sci.,  clxi,  302.     Gelle,  '01,  C.  r.  soc.  de  biol.,  30. 


54  PHYSIOLOGY  AT   HARVARD 

Massage.  —  Zablttdowsky,  '83,  Cbl.  f.  d.  med.  Wiss., 
xxi,  241.  Eccles,  '88,  ii,  Brit.  med.  j.,  1211;  '89,  Practi- 
tioner, xliii,  241.  Bum,  '89,  Ztschr.  f.  klin.  Med.,  xv,  248. 
Kleen,  '90,  Handbuch  der  Massage,  Berlin.  Graham,  '90, 
Treatise  on  massage,  New  York.  Maggiora,  '91,  Arch.  ital. 
de  biol.,  xvi,  225.  Castex,  '91,  Arch.  gen.  de  med.,  xxvii, 
278.  Mitchell,  '94,  Am.  j.  med.  sci.,  cvii,  502.  Bendix, 
'94,  Ztschr.  f.  klin.  Med.,  xxv,  303.  Brunton  and  Tunni- 
clippe,  '95,  J.  physiol.,  xvii,  364.  Eccles,  '95,  The  practice 
of  massage,  London.  Leber  and  Stuwe,  '96,  Berl.  klin. 
"Woch.,  xxxiii,  337.  Dunlop,  Baton,  Stockman,  and  Mac- 
cadam,  '97,  J.  physiol.,  xxii,  68.  Garratt,  '98,  J.  physiol., 
xxiii,  150.  Edgecomb  and  Bain,  '98,  J.  physiol.,  xxiii,  508 ; 
'99,  ibid.,  xxiv,  48.  Hough,  '00,  American  physical  educa- 
tion review,  v,  133.  Colombo,  '00,  Munch,  med.  Woch.,  xlvii, 
909.  Huge,  '01,  Arch.  f.  Physiol.,  466.  Hegener,  '01, 
Ztschr.  f.  Ohrenheilk.,  xxxix,  299.  _  Ekgren,  '01,  Ztschr.  f. 
diatetische  und  physikalische  Therapie,  v,  191.  Ekgren,  '02, 
Deut.  med.  Woch.,  xxviii,  519. 

Effect  of  gravity  on  the  circulation.  —  Piowy,  '26, 
Arch.  gen.  de  med.,  xi,  292;  xii,  527.  Hall,  '32,  Med. 
chir.  trans.,  xvii,  250.  Salathe,  '77,  Trav.  du  labor,  de 
Marey,  hi,  251.  Eriedmann,  '82,  Med.  Jahrb.,  p.  97. 
Mosso,  '84,  Arch.  ital.  de  biol.,  v,  130.  Blumberg,  '85, 
Pfluger's  Arch.,  xxxvii,  467.  Wagner,  '86,  ibid.,  xxxix, 
371.  Hill,  '95,  J.  physiol.,  xviii,  15.  Hill,'96,  Physiol,  and 
path,  of  cerebral  circulation,  London.  Hill  and  Barnard, 
'97»  J.  physiol.,  xxi,   323. 

Solutions  that  maintain  the  heart-beat.  —  Gattle, 
78,  Arch.  f.  Physiol.,  291.  Ringer,  '80-'82,  J.  physiol.,  hi, 
195,  380.  Dastre,  '82,  J.  de  l'anat.  et  de  la  physiol.,  xviii, 
433.  Pitres,  '82,  Rev.  de  med.,  ii,  685.  Martius,  '82, 
Arch.  f.  Physiol.,  543.  Ringer,  '83,  J.  physiol.,  iv,  29, 
222;  '85,  ibid.,  vi,  361.  Hefpter,  '91,  Arch.  f.  exp.  Path. 
u.  Pharmakol.,  xxix,  41.  Howell  and  Cooke,  '93,  J. 
physiol.,  xiv,  198.  Albanese,  '93,  Arch.  f.  exp.  Path.  u. 
Pharmakol.,  xxxii,  297.  Ohrn,  '94,  Arch.  f.  exp.  Path, 
u.  Pharmakol.,  xxxiv,  29.  Locke,  '95,  J.  physiol.,  xviii, 
332.  White,  '96,  J.  physiol.,  xix,  344.  Engelmann,  '96, 
Pfluger's  Arch.,  lxv,  109.  Rusch,  '98,  Pfluger's  Arch., 
lxxiii,  535.  Howell,  '98,  Am.  j.  physiol,  ii,  47.  Greene, 
'99,   Am.  j*   physiol.,   ii,   82.     Loeb,   '99,   Eestschrift  fur 


THE  FIRST-YEAR  COURSE  55 

Pick,  Braunschweig,  p.  99;  '00,  Am.  j.  physiol.,  iii,  327; 
'00,  Pfliiger's  Arch.,  lxxx,  229.  Lingle,  '00,  Am.  j.  physiol., 
iv,  265.  Howell,  '01,  Am.  j.  physiol.,  vi,  181.  Lingle, 
'02,  Am.  j.  physiol.,  viii,  75. 

Adaptation  of  organs  to  new  conditions.  —  Reilak:, 
'74,  Berl.  klin.  Woch.,  xi,  601,  615.  Carpenter,  '76,  Human 
physiology,  eighth  edition,  485  et  seq.  Pfllger,  '77,  Pnii- 
ger's Arch.,  xv,  57-  Nothnagel,  '86,  Ztschr.  f.  klin.  med., 
x,  208;  xi,  217.  Lorenz,  '86,  Ztschr.  f.  klin.  Med.,  x,  545. 
Barnes,  '86,  Brit,  gynaec.  j.,  ii,  151.  Nothnagel,  '89, 
Ztschr.  f.  klin.  Med.,  xv,  42.  Welch,  '97,  Am.  j.  med.  sci., 
cxiii,  631.  Davenport,  '97,  Experimental  morphology,  New- 
York,  i,  acclimatizations.  Nicolaides,  '00,  Cbl.  f.  Physiol., 
xiv,  197.  Kennedy  and  McKendrick,  '01,  Phil,  tr.,  Lon- 
don, cxc  (B),  127-  Morgan,  '03,  Evolution  and  adaptation, 
New  York. 

Natural  defenses  of  the  organism.  —  Walter,  j77, 
Arch.  f.  exp.  Path.  u.  PharmakoL,  vii,  148.  Hardy,  '92,  J. 
physiol.,  xiii,  309.  Charrin  and  Cassin,  '95,  C.  r.  soc.  de 
biol.,  847.  Charrin,  '96,  C.  r.  soc.  de  biol.,  481.  Jacob 
and  Blumenthal,  '97,  Arch.  f.  Physiol.,  391.  Charrin, 
'98,  Arch,  de  physiol.,  xxx,  67 ;  '98,  Les  defenses  naturelles 
de  l'organisme,  Paris.  Blchner,  '99,  Munch,  med.  Woch., 
xlvi,  1261,  1301.  Wassermann,  '00,  Yerhandl.  des  Cong. 
f.  inn.  Med.,  xviii,  566.  Charrin,  '00,  J.  de  physiol.  et 
path,  gen.,  ii,  284.  Richet,  '00,  Dictionnaire  de  physiologie, 
Paris,  article  "  Defense."  Meltzer,  '00,  Trans.  Congr.  of 
Am.  physicians  and  surgeons,  v,  12.  Ellinger,  '00,  Deut. 
med.  Woch.,  xxvi,  581.  Charrin  and  Levaditi,  '00,  C.  r., 
cxxx,  262.  Ehrlich,  '01,  Die  Therapie  der  Gegenwart, 
iii,  193.  Herter,  '02,  Chemical  pathology,  Philadelphia. 
Exner,  '02,  Pfliiger's  Arch.,  lxxxix,  253. 

Physiological  effects  of  high  altitudes.  —  MtJNTZ, 
'91,  C.  r.,  cxii,  298.  Mercier,  '94,  Arch,  de  phvsiol.,  xxvi^ 
769.  Grawitz,  '95,  Berl.  klin.  Woch.,  xxxii,  713,  740.  Fick, 
'95,  Pfliiger's  Arch.,  lx,  589.  Schumburg  and  Zuntz,  '96, 
Pnuger's  Arch.,  lxiii,  461.  Oliver,  '96,  Lancet,  i,  1782. 
Weiss,  '96,  Ztschr.  f.  physiol.  Chem.,  xxii,  526.  Loewy, 
'97,  Pfliiger's  Arch.,  lxvi,  477-  Schauman  and  Rosenqyist, 
'97,  Pfliiger's  Arch.,  Ixviii,  55.  Giacosa,  '97,  Ztschr.  f. 
physiol.  Chem.,  xxxiii,  326.  Egger,  '97,  Arch.  f.  exp.  Path. 
u.  PharmakoL,  xxxix,  426.     Mosso,  '98,  The  life  of  man  on 


56  PHYSIOLOGY  AT  HARVARD 

the  high  Alps,  London.  Meissen,  '00,  Therap.  Monatshefte, 
xiv,  84.  Jacquet,  '00,  Arch.  f.  exp.  Path.  u.  Pharinakol., 
xiv,  1.  Jolly,  '01,  C.  r.  soc.  de  biol.,  1039.  Calugareanu 
and  Henri,  '01,  C.  r.  soc.  de  biol.,  1037-  Gaule,  '02, 
Pfliiger's  Arch.,  lxxxix,  119.  Arderhalden,  '02,  Ztschr. 
f.  Biol.,  xliii,  125,  44-3.  v.  Voornweld,  '02,  Pliiger's  Arch., 
xcii,  1.  Abderhalden,  02,  ibid.,  xcii,  615.  v.  Voornweld, 
'02,  ibid.,  xciii,  239. 

Peculiarities  of  the  cerebral  circulation;  cerebral 
pressure.  —  Letden,  '66,  Virch.  Arch.,  xxxvii,  519.  Sala- 
the,  76,  Trav.  du.  lab.  de  Marey,  ii,  345.  Mosso,  '81, 
Ueber  den  Kreislauf  des  Blntes  im  menschlichen  Gehirn, 
Leipzig;  '84,  Arch.  ital.  de  biol.,  v,  130.  Hurthle,  '89, 
Pfliiger's  Arch.,  xliv,  561.  Lewy,  '90,  Virch.  Arch.,  cxxii, 
146.  Hoy  and  Sherrington,  '90,  J.  physiol.,  xi,  85. 
Cavazzani,  '91,  Arch.  ital.  de  biol.,  xvi,  23;  '93,  ibid.,  xix, 
214.  Bayliss  and  Hill,  '95,  J.  physiol,  xviii,  334.  Hill, 
'96,  Physiol,  and  path,  of  cerebral  circulation,  London. 
Reiner  and  Schnitzler,  '97,  Arch.  f.  exp.  Path.  u. 
Pharmakol.,  xxxviii,  249.  Spina,  '97,  Wien.  klin.  Woch., 
x,  1047.  Oberstenier,  '97,  Jahrb.  f.  Psychiat.  u.  Neur., 
xvi,  215.  Howell,  '98,  Am.  j.  physiol.,  i,  57.  Cappie, 
'98,  Brain,  xxi,  58.  Huber,  '99,  J.  comp.  neurol.,  ix,  1. 
Hill  and  Macleod,  '01,  J.  physiol.,  xxvi,  394.  Hunter, 
'01,  J.  physiol.,  xxvi,  465.  Cannon,  '01.  Am.  j.  physiol., 
vi,  91. 

Hibernation.  —  Saissy,  '15,  Arch.  f.  d.  Physiol.,  xii, 
293.  Hall,  '32,  Phil,  tr.,  London,  cxxii,  335.  Regnault 
and  Reiset,  '49,  Ann.  de  chini.  et  de  physique,  xxvi,  429. 
Aeby,  '74,  Arch.  f.  exp.  Path.  u.  Pharmakol.,  iii,  180.  Va- 
lentin, '76,  Moleschott's  Untersuchungeu,  xi,  149, 169,  392, 
450,  602.  Horvath,  '78,  Verh.  d.  physikal-med.  Ges., 
Wiirzburg,  n.  F.,  xii,  139 ;  79,  ibid.,  n.  E.,  xiii,  60 ;_  '80,  ibid., 
n.  P.,  xiv,  55.  Carlier,  '93,  J.  anat.  and  physiol.,  xxvii, 
508.  Dubois,  '94,  C.  r.  soc.  de  biol,  87,  219,  821 ;  '95, 
ibid.,  149.  Pembrey  and  White,  '96,  J.  phvsiol.,  xix,  477. 
Patrizi,  '97,  Cbl.  f.  Physiol.,  xi,  567-  Levi,  '98,  Cbl.  f. 
Physiol.,  xii,  844.  Pembrey  and  Pitts,  '99,  J.  physiol., 
xxiv,  305.  Monti,  '01,  Arch,  ital  de  biol.,  xxxv,  292. 
Albini,  '01,  Arch.  ital.  de  biol.,  xxxv,  294.  Merzbacher, 
'02,  Cbl.  f.  Physiol.,  xvi,  709.  Dubois,  '02,  C.  r.  soc.  de 
biol.,  liv,  272.    Hansemann,  '02,  Arch.  f.  Physiol.,  160. 


THE  FIRST- YEAR   COURSE  57 

Theories  of  sleep.  —  Byford,  '56,  Am.  j.  med.  sci., 
xxxi,  357.  Durham,  '60,  Guy's  hosp.  reports,  vi,  149. 
Sommer,  '68,  Ztschr.  f.  rat.  Med.,  xxxiii,  214.  Hammond, 
'69,  Sleep  and  its  derangements,  Philadelphia.  Laxglet, 
'72,  ICtude  critique  sur  quelques  points  de  la  physiologie  du 
sommeil,  Paris.  Pel  ger,  '75,  Pfliiger's  Arch.,  x,  468. 
Cappie,  '82,  Causation  of  sleep,  Edinburgh.  Rabl-Ruck- 
hard,  '90,  Neur.  Cbl.,  ix,  199.  Mackenzie,  '91,  Journal  of 
mental  science,  xxxvii,  18.  Manaceixe,  '94,  Arch.  ital.  de 
biol.,  xxi,  326.  Cajal,  '95,  Arch.  f.  Anat.  u.  Entwick., 
367.  Lepine,  '95,  C.  r.  soc.  de  biol.,  85.  Czerxy,  '96, 
Jahrbuch  fur  Kinderheilkunde,  xli,  337.  Pilcz,  '97,  Wiener 
klin.  Woch.,  x,  118.  Howell,  '97,  J.  exp.  med.,  ii,  313. 
Berger  and  Loewy,  '98,  J.  de  l'anat.  et  de  la  physiol., 
xxxiv,  364.  Walden,  '00,  Am.  j.  physiol.,  iv,  124.  Brush 
and  Eayerweather,  '01,  Am.  j.  physiol.,  v,  199.  St. 
Leduc,  '02,  C.  r.  cxxxv,  199.  Oppexheimer,  '02,  Arch.  f. 
Physiol.,  68. 

Artificial  parthenogenesis. — Loeb, '92,  J.  morpbol., 
vii,  253.  Hertwig,  '93,  Die  Zelle  und  die  Gewebe,  i,  239. 
Morgan,  '94,  Anatomischer  Anzeiger,  ix,  141.  Norman, 
'96,  Archiv  fur  Entwickelungsmechanik  der  Organismen,  iii, 
106.  Loeb,  '99  and  '00,  Am.  j.  physiol.,  iii,  135,  434. 
Morgan,  '99,  Archiv  fur  Eutwickelungsmechanik  der  Or- 
ganismen, viii,  448.  Loeb,  '00,  Am.  j.  physiol.,  iv,  178, 
423.  Mathews,  '00,  Am.  j.  physiol.,  iv,  343.  Yiguier, 
'00,  C  r.,  cxxxi,  63,  118.  Bataillox,  '00,  C.  r.,  cxxxi, 
115.  Delage,  '00,  C.  r.,  cxxxi,  1227-  Giard,  '00,  C.  r. 
soc.  de  biol.,  761.  Mathews,  '01,  Am.  j.  physiol.,  vi,  142. 
Hunter,  '01,  Am.  j.  physiol.,  vi,  177.  Loeb,  Fischer, 
and  Neilson,  '01,  Pfluger's  Arch.,  lxxxvii,  594.  Yiguier, 
'01,  C  r.,  cxxxii,  1436.  Greeley,  '02,  Am.  j.  physiol.,  vi, 
296.     Fischer,  '02,  Am.  j.  physiol.,  vii,  301. 

Regeneration.  —  Samuel,  '70,  Virch.  Arch.,  1,  323. 
Petroxe,  '84,  Arch.  ital.  de  biol.,  v,  201.  Griefixi  and 
Marchio,  '89,  ibid.,  xii,  82.  Whitman,  '89,  J.  morphol., 
ii,  27.  Bizzozero,  '94,  Arch.  ital.  de  biol.,  xxi,  93.  Davex- 
port,  '94,  Anat.  Anz.,  ix,  283.  Hargitt,  '97,  Zool.  bull, 
i,  27.  Kochs,  '97,  Arch.  f.  mikr.  Anat.,  xlix,  441.  Mor- 
gan, '98,  Zobl.  bull.,  i,  287.  Aschoff,  '98,  Lubarsch  and 
Ostertag's  Ergebn.  d.  allg.  Path.,  v,  22.  Morgax,'  99, 
Biol,  lectures,  Wood's  Hole,  185.     Carxot,  '99,  Les  regene- 


58  PHYSIOLOGY  AT   HARVARD 

rations  d' organs,  Paris.  Loeb,  '00,  Am.  j.  physiol.,  iv,  60. 
King,'  00,  Arch.  f.  Entwick.-mech.,  ix,  724.  Wendelstadt, 
'01,  Arch.  f.  mikr.  Anat.,  lvii,  798.  Bardeen,  '01,  Am.  j. 
physiol.,  v,  1.     Morgan,  '01,  Regeneration,  New  York. 

Senescence  and  Death.  —  Flourens,  '55,  On  hnman 
longevity,  London.  Engel,  '63,  Wien.  med.  Woch.,  xiii, 
532,  545.  Gotte,  '83,  Uber  den  Ursprung  des  Todes, 
Hamburg.  Mobius,  '84,  Uber  Leben  und  Tod,  Jena.  Mau- 
pas,  '88,  Arch,  de  zool.  exper.  et  gen.,  2e  ser.,  vi,  165. 
Weissmann,  '89,  Essays  upon  heredity,  Engl,  trans.,  Oxford. 
Peluger,  '90,  Uber  die  Kunst  der  Verlangerung  des  menschli- 
chen  Lebens,  Bonn.  Minot,  '90,  Proc.  Am.  assoc  adv.  sci., 
xxxix,  271;  '91,  J.  physiol.,  xii,  97-  Ebstein,  '91,  Die 
Kunst  des  menschlichen  Leben  zu  verlangern,  Wiesbaden. 
Kelynack,  '92,  Manchestermed.  chronicle,  xv,  289.  Hodge, 
'94,  J.  physiol.,  xvii,  129.  Romanes,  '95,  Monist,  v,  161. 
Sabatier,  '95,  Rev.  scientif.,  iii,  585.  Minot,  '96,  Am. 
nat.,  xxx,  1,  89.  Israel,  '97,  Berl.  klin.  Woch.,  xxxiv, 
158,  185. 


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THE   FIRST-YEAR   COURSE  69 


General  Instructions  to  Students 

Four  weeks  before  the  beginning  of  the  course 
the  following  letter  is  sent  to  each  student : 1 

Form  B. 

Department  of  Physiology, 

Harvard  Medical  School, 

January  1,  1904. 

Dear  Sir  :  — 

Since  many  of  the  laboratory  experi- 
ments in  physiology  require  two  men  for  their 
successful  performance,  the  class  will  be  divided 
into  pairs.  Students  may  work  with  whom  they 
please,  provided  those  desiring  to  work  together 
give  written  notice  to  Professor  W.  T.  Porter  not 
later  than  January  20.  Where  no  preference  is 
expressed  the  pairing  will  be  made  from  an  alpha- 
betical list.  The  distribution  of  the  pairs  at  the 
laboratory  desks  will  be  posted  on  the  bulletin 
board  January  27.  Students  are  advised  to  pro- 
vide themselves  with  the  following  articles : 

1.  A  dissecting  case,  including  scissors,  one  large 
and  one  Small  forceps,  and  a  seeker. 

2.  A  small  towel. 

3.  A  piece  of  cotton  cloth  about  40  X  40  cm. 

4.  A  microscope.  One  of  the  two  microscopes 
required  by  each  pair  of  students  must  be  provided 
with  a  hinged  standard  allowing  the  stage  to  be 
tilted  to  a  perpendicular  position.  Microscopes 
may  be  rented  from  the  Department  of  Histology. 

5.  The  pamphlet  entitled  "  Physiology  at  Har- 
vard." 

6.  The  Physiological  Laboratory  Note-book. 

1  Letters,  lists  of  apparatus,  and  similar  matter  for  the  use 
of  students  are  printed  upon  the  Rotary  Neostyle. 


70  PHYSIOLOGY  AT  HARVAED 

7.  An  Introduction  to  Physiology,  Parts  I  and 
II,  bound  together  in  cloth. 

8.  Experiments  for  Harvard  Medical  Students, 
Third  Edition,  bound  in  gray  paper,  with  supple- 
mental sheets. 

9.  An  Introduction  to  Physiology,  Part  IV, 
bound  in  gray  paper. 

10.  The  Physiological  Thesis  Book. 

These  articles  are  sold  at  707  Boylston  Street, 
Boston,  Mass. 

First-year  medical  and  dental  students,  advanced 
students,  and  students  taking  the  course  a  second 
time,  will  meet  Professor  Porter  in  Room  A,  Feb- 
ruary 1,  at  9  a.  m. 

At  9.30  a.  m.  the  students  will  find  their  desks 
in  Rooms  B  and  H.  Each  desk  bears  the  names 
of  the  owners  upon  a  printed  slip.  Each  student 
will  receive  a  key  to  the  locker  in  his  desk.  For 
each  key  a  deposit  of  one  dollar  will  be  required, 
to  be  refunded  when  the  key  is  returned. 

Within  the  cupboard  and  drawers  of  the  locker 
will  be  found  the  first  issue  of  apparatus,  together 
with  a  printed  receipt  (see  Appendix,  Form  G, 
page  102).  Articles  marked  *  will  be  found  in  the 
small  wooden  boxes.  The  list  should  be  verified 
and  the  receipt  signed  by  each  student.  This  re- 
ceipt will  be  retained  by  the  Department. 

The  apparatus  is  issued  in  good  condition,  and 
students  will  be  held  responsible  for  its  return  in 
good  condition.  The  cost  of  cleaning,  repairing, 
or  replacing  articles  which  become  damaged,  will 
be  charged  to  the  students  to  whom  they  were 
issued.  A  list  of  the  articles  liable  to  be  broken 
beyond  repair  is  posted  in  the  laboratories,  with 
the  cost  opposite  each  (see  Appendix,  Form  O, 
page  117).    Students  desiring  additional  apparatus 


THE  FIRST-YEAR   COURSE  71 

must  present  a  signed  requisition  for  the  desired 
article  (see  Appendix,  Form  F,  p.  102). 

Frogs  and  tortoises  will  be  issued  on  the  pres- 
entation of  signed  requisitions.  Students  using 
more  than  the  average  number  of  animals  will  be 
charged  ten  cents  for  each  additional  medium- 
sized  frog,  and  twenty-five  cents  for  each  large 
frog  and  each  tortoise. 

Every  charge  will  be  divided  equally  between 
the  two  members  of  the  pair  represented  by  the 
name  on  the  requisition. 

You  are  advised  to  keep  this  letter  for  reference. 
Very  truly  yours, 

W.  T.  Porter. 


Form  C. 

INSTRUCTIONS   FOR   THESIS 

Harvard  Medical  School, 

Department  of  Physiology, 

Boston,  February  2,  1904. 

Dear  Sir  :  — 

In  the  first-year  course  in  physiology, 
each  student  is  required  to  write  a  physiological 
thesis,  the  material  for  which  must  be  taken  directly 
from  the  original  investigations.  As  many  of  the 
investigations  are  in  German  or  French,  you  are 
requested  to  state  upon  the  enclosed  card  (Form  D) 
whether  you  can  read  one  or  both  of  these  lan- 
guages. On  pages  35-41  of  the  pamphlet  entitled 
"  Physiology  at  Harvard  "  you  will  find  a  list  of 
subjects  for  theses  which  will  be  discussed  by  the 
class  in  1904,  and  a  second  list  of  subjects  for 
theses  to  be  written  but  not  discussed  during  the 
present  year.    Your  record  during  your  first  term 


72  PHYSIOLOGY  AT  HARVARD 

in  the  Medical  School  assigns  you  to  the  {J^nd} 
list.  Your  subject  will  be  given  you  at  least  four 
weeks  before  your  thesis  is  due.  If  in  the  first 
list,  you  will  find  references  to  the  original  litera- 
ture of  your  subject  on  pages  41-58  of  the  pam- 
phlet "  Physiology  at  Harvard."  If  in  the  second 
list,  you  will  receive  an  envelope  bearing  the  sub- 
ject of  the  thesis  and  the  references  to  original 
sources.  The  names  of  the  Boston  and  Cambridge 
libraries  which  contain  the  physiological  journals 
and  other  sources  may  be  had  from  the  "  List  of 
periodicals,  etc. ,  currently  received,  in  the  principal 
libraries  of  Boston  and  vicinity,"  published  by  the 
Trustees  of  the  Boston  Public  Library.  Your  re- 
ceipt for  the  reference  card  will  be  taken  (Form  E). 
The  card  must  be  returned  when  the  thesis  is 
handed  in.  Your  assistance  in  the  correction  of 
errors  and  omissions  in  the  references  will  be  much 
appreciated. 

The  thesis  should  not  exceed  two  thousand 
words.  It  should  be  written  with  ink  in  a  Physi- 
ological Thesis  Book.  Every  statement  not  the 
writer's  own  must  be  accompanied  by  a  reference 
to  the  original  source,  giving  author's  name,  name 
of  journal  or  title  of  book,  year  of  publication, 
number  of  volume,  and  the  page  upon  which  the 
statement  appears.  The  thesis  should  begin  with 
a  brief  outline  of  the  problem  and  the  way  in 
which  investigators  have  attacked  it,  and  should 
end  with  a  summary  of  the  results  attained. 

You  are  also  required  to  write  upon  Form  A  a 
bibliography  which  you  yourself  will  prepare  from 
the  "  Centralblatt  fur  Physiologie,"  the  "  Jahres- 
bericht  fiir  Physiologie,"  the  reviews  in  the  "  Jour- 
nal de  physiologie  et  de  pathologie  generale,"  and 
the  original  sources.  The  subject  for  your  bibli- 
ography will  be  placed  upon  Form  E. 


THE   FIRST-YEAR   COUESE  73 

Students  whose  rank  entitles  them  to  read  theses 
will  further  be  required  to  acquaint  themselves 
with  the  literature  of  three  other  subjects  in  the 
list  to  be  discussed  by  the  class.  Eeferences  to 
this  literature  are  given  on  pages  41-58  of  the 
pamphlet  "Physiology  at  Harvard."  The  subjects 
assigned  to  you  will  be  found  upon  Form  E. 
Each  thesis  subject,  therefore,  will  be  studied  in 
full  by  the  author  of  the  thesis,  and  by  three  dis- 
putants. When  the  thesis  is  read,  the  three  stu- 
dents who  have  each  prepared  that  subject  will 
open  the  discussion. 

Very  truly  yours, 

W.  T.  Pouter. 


Form  D. 


Harvard  Medical  School, 
Boston, 


Dear  Sir:  — 

I  Jcannot}  rea(i  Erench  and  German.     My  prefer- 
ence of  subjects  for  a  thesis  is  as  follows : 

1 

2 

3.     „ 

Very  truly  yours, 


74  PHYSIOLOGY   AT   HARVARD 

Form  E. 

Harvard  Medical  School, 

Department  of  Physiology, 

Boston, 

I  have   received    this   day  the   Princes  f°r  tne 

thesis  on 

This  thesis,  together  with  the  reference  card,  is  to 
be  delivered  to  Professor  W.  T.  Porter  not  ]ater 
than 

I  have  also  been  notified  to  prepare  a  bibliogra- 
phy upon  the  subject 

This  bibliography,  written  upon  Form  A,  is  to  be 
delivered  to  Professor  W.  T.  Porter  not  later  than 
June  1. 

I  have  further  been  notified  to  prepare  for  dis- 
cussion the  original  literatures  of  the  three  sub- 
jects the  theses  upon  which  are  to  be  read  upon 

the  following  days 

(See  "  Physiology  at  Harvard,"  pages  35-58.) 

(Signed) 

This  form  is  issued  in  duplicate.  The  student  will  retain 
one  copy. 

Examinations 

In  order  to  receive  the  degree  of  Doctor  of 
Medicine  the  student  must  have  demonstrated 
to  the  Department  of  Physiology  that  his  train- 
ing in  this  subject  is  satisfactory.  The  character 
of  the  student's  work  during  the  four  months  of 
his  instruction  counts  materially  toward  his  final 
grade.  At  the  end  of  the  term  two  formal  ex- 
aminations are  held,  one  of  which  is  practical, 
while  the  second  is  written.     Candidates  failing 


THE  FIRST-YEAR   COURSE  75 

in  the  June  examination  may  be  re-examined  in 
September.  In  the  practical  examination,  the 
student  is  required  to  perform  four  out  of  six 
experiments  assigned  him  by  lot.  He  is  exam- 
ined during  two  half -days,  receiving  each  day 
three  experiments,  from  which  he  must  choose 
two.  The  character  of  this  test  will  be  under- 
stood from  the  following  instructions  to  students 
and  the  list  of  experiments  assigned  in  June, 
1903. 


Department   of  Physiology 

PRACTICAL  EXAMINATION,  JUNE  2,  3,  4,  5,  1903. 

Not  more  than  three  hours  will  be  allowed. 
Each  student  will  perform  two  of  the  three  ex- 
periments allotted  to  him.  In  each  case  he  will 
write  on  one  of  the  blank  forms  furnished  here- 
with the  problem  selected  and  an  account  of  his 
results;  if  the  student  does  not  also  make  a 
graphic  record  of  his  results  he  must  demonstrate 
them  to  the  instructor,  who  will  then  immedi- 
ately countersign  the  student's  written  statement. 
Graphic  records  must  be  marked  plainly  with  the 
student's  name  and  placed  in  a  shellacking-frame. 
At  the  close  of  the  student's  work  the  graphic 
records,  the  slip  bearing  the  questions,  and  the 
account  of  the  results  should  all  be  handed  to 
one  of  the  Staff. 

No  student  may  leave  his  desk  until  his  ex- 
amination is  finished.  Necessary  apparatus  not 
already  in  the  locker  may  be  obtained  by  signing 
a  requisition. 


76  PHYSIOLOGY  AT  HAEVARD 


Practical  Examination  in  Physiology 

[Each  student  is  required  to  make  four  of  the  six  experi- 
ments drawn  by  him,  and  to  write  an  account  of  his  observations 
on  the  blank  furnished  herewith.  Where  the  results  of  the 
experiments  are  not  expressed  in  a  graphic  record  they  must 
be  demonstrated  to  the  instructor.] 

1.  Record  the  action  of  the  sympathetic  on  the 
heart.  Demonstrate  the  progressive  spreading  of 
impulses  in  the  central  nervous  system.  Record 
curves  showing  the  influence  of  changes  in  the 
aortic  pressure  on  the  interval  between  the  begin- 
ning of  ventricular  contraction  and  the  opening  of 
the  semilunar  valves  (in  the  artificial  scheme). 

2.  Demonstrate  that  the  cardiac  systole  is  a  sim- 
ple and  not  a  tetanic  contraction.  Show  the  influ- 
ence of  load  on  the  work  done  by  the  skeletal 
muscle.  Show  where  the  more  complicated  coor- 
dinated reflex  acts  have  their  centres. 

3.  Show  evidence  that  the  ventricular  contrac- 
tion wave  may  be  transmitted  by  muscular  tissue. 
Prove  that  the  excitability  of  a  nerve  is  altered  in 
the  neighborhood  of  the  anode  and  the  cathode 
during  the  passage  of  the  galvanic  current.  Secure 
a  record  of  the  effect  of  duration  of  stimulus  on 
smooth  muscle. 

4.  Furnish  experimental  evidence  for  an  expla- 
nation of  the  auriculo- ventricular  interval.  Prove 
that  the  galvanic  current  stimulates  during  the 
whole  time  of  its  passage  through  an  irritable 
tissue.  Demonstrate  the  influence  of  increased 
load  on  ventricular  contraction. 

5.  Prove  the  existence  of  tonic  contraction  of 
muscle.  Demonstrate  the  current  of  action  in 
muscle  or  nerve.  Give  experimental  evidence  that 
the  vagus  connects  with  the  nerve  cells  in  the 
heart. 


THE   FIRST-YEAR   COURSE  77 

6.  Demonstrate  polar  stimulation  by  the  galvanic 
current.  Show  the  vasomotor  functions  of  the 
spinal  cord.  Demonstrate  the  inhibition  of  reflex 
action  in  the  frog. 

7.  Show  the  function  of  the  anterior  spinal 
nerve-roots.  Record  with  the  artificial  scheme 
pulse  curves  of  low  arterial  tension  and  high  arte- 
rial tension,  and  discuss  their  method  of  production. 
Construct  diagrams  showing  the  formation  of  the 
image  (1)  in  myopia,  (2)  in  hypermetropia,  (3)  in 
hypermetropia  with' a  correcting  lens. 

8.  Record  the  effect  of  inhibition  of  the  heart 
on  arterial  pressure  in  the  frog.  Demonstrate  on 
muscle  the  different  effect  of  sudden  and  of  gradual 
increase  in  intensity  of  stimulus.  Prove  the  dis- 
continuous nature  of  tetanic  contraction. 

9.  Record  the  effect  of  stimulation  of  the  vagus 
on  the  beat  of  the  ventricle.  Show  that  all  con- 
tractions of  heart  muscle  are  maximal.  Give  ex- 
perimental evidence  that  a  nerve  fibre  may  conduct 
impulses  in  both  directions. 

10.  Show  by  diagram  the  method  of  determining 
the  size  of  a  retinal  image.  Demonstrate  the  limits 
of  the  refractory  period  and  the  existence  of  the 
compensatory  pause.  Prove  that  the  demarcation 
current  (current  of  injury)  may  act  as  a  stimulus. 

11.  Record  curves  showing  the  influence  of 
temperature  on  the  contraction  of  skeletal  muscle. 
Demonstrate  differences  in  the  physiology  of 
smooth  and  striated  muscle.  Show  that  the  con- 
trol of  movements  is  localized  at  different  levels  of 
the  spinal  cord. 

12.  Show  that  a  constant  stimulus  may  cause 
periodic  contraction.  Show  the  influence  of  fatigue 
on  muscular  contraction.  Draw  a  construction 
showing  the  formation  of  the  image  in  the  indirect 
method  of  observing  the  retina. 


78  PHYSIOLOGY  AT  HARVARD 

13.  Show  the  segmental  arrangement  of  the 
reflex  apparatus.  Draw  a  diagram  showing  the 
course  of  the  rays  in  astigmatism.  Show  the  in- 
fluence of  an  increase  in  peripheral  resistance  on 
the  blood  pressure  in  the  frog. 

14.  Prove  the  independent  irritability  of  muscle. 
Show  experimental  proof  of  the  law  of  contraction 
with  weak,  medium,  and  strong  ascending  currents. 
Demonstrate  with  the  artificial  thorax  the  relations 
between  pulmonary  and  intra-thoracic  pressure 
during  inspiration  and  expiration.  State  these 
relations  in  writing,  with  diagrams. 

15.  Compare  an  isometric  contraction  with  an 
isotonic  contraction.  Obtain  from  the  artificial 
scheme  of  the  circulation  a  characteristic  pulse 
curve  of  aortic  regurgitation  and  explain  its  pro- 
duction. Demonstrate  and  discuss  the  apparent 
purpose  in  reflex  action. 

16.  Demonstrate  that  the  physiological  anode 
and  cathode  may  differ  from  the  physical  poles. 
Prove  that  oxidation  may  be  caused  by  animal 
tissue.  Demonstrate  the  influence  of  the  sympa- 
thetic nerve  on  the  iris  of  the  frog. 

17.  Demonstrate  polar  inhibition.  Demonstrate 
the  importance  of  the  nucleus  in  intracellular  oxi- 
dations. Prove  that  tonic  and  simple  contractions 
of    the  same  tissue  may  occur  at  the  same  time. 

Written  Examination 

In  the  written  examination  four1  subjects  are 
announced.  Of  these,  the  student  chooses  three, 
upon  each  of  which  he  must  write  a  brief  ac- 
count of  the  more  important  knowledge  in  that 
subject. 

1  In  September,  1900,  six,  and  in  June,  1901,  five,  subjects 
were  presented,  of  which  were  chosen  four  in  each  case. 


THE   FIRST-YEAR  COURSE  79 

The  subjects  from  September,  1900,  to  June, 
1903,  were  as  follows  : 

1.  Describe  the  coagulation  of  either  blood  or 
milk,  statiug  both  the  physical  and  chemical  phe- 
nomena. 

2.  Describe  and  draw  an  artificial  scheme  upon 
which  the  physical  phenomena  of  the  circulation 
of  the  blood  can  be  demonstrated. 

3.  Give  experimental  evidence  to  show  how 
the  tetanic  contraction  of  muscle  is  produced. 

4.  Describe  fully  the  interchange  between  the 
air  in  the  alveoli  and  the  gases  in  the  blood. 

5.  Give  the  complete  course  of  any  one  of  the 
ascending  or  descending  tracts  in  the  central  nerv- 
ous system. 

6.  Give  experiments  establishing  the  importance 
of  any  one  of  the  internal  secretions. 

7.  Draw  curves  showing  the  changes  of  pressure 
in  the  auricle,  ventricle,  and  aorta  from  the  begin- 
ning of  one  auricular  contraction  to  the  beginning 
of  the  next.     Add  brief  explanatory  notes. 

8.  Give  an  account  of  the  physiology  of  smooth 
muscle. 

9.  Discuss  the  chemistry  of  respiration. 

10.  Draw  the  motor  area  of  the  cortex  and  give 
evidence  in  support  of  the  theory  of  cortical  local- 
ization. 

11.  Write  a  sketch  of  the  physiology  of  absorp- 
tion. 

12.  Give  an  account  of  the  physiology  of  ferments. 

13.  Describe  the  principal  conducting  paths  in 
the  spinal  cord. 

14.  Give  a  general  description  of  the  vasomotor 
nervous  system. 

15.  State  experiments  in  support  of  a  theory  of 
accommodation  in  the  eye. 


80  PHYSIOLOGY  AT  HARVARD 

16.  Give  an  account  of  the  innervation  of  the 
heart. 

17.  Describe  the  digestion  of  proteids. 

18.  Discuss  the  sensory  functions  of  the  skin. 

19.  Sketch  the  metabolism  of  carbohydrates. 

20.  Give  a  brief  account  of  the  electrical  proper- 
ties of  muscle. 

21.  Sketch  the  metabolism  of  proteids. 

22.  Discuss  the  functions  of  the  glomeruli  of  the 
kidney. 

23.  State  the  principal  facts  regarding  the  phys- 
iology of  the  sympathetic  nerves. 

24.  Give  an  account  of  the  physiology  of   fer- 
ments. 

25.  Draw  a  diagram  of  the  "  reduced  "  eye  and 
state  how  this  simplification  is  justified. 

26.  State  the  principal  observations  establishing 
"  internal "  secretion. 

21.    Sketch  the  physiology  of  the  pulse. 

The  last  examination  paper,  September,  1903, 
is  reprinted  in  full. 

Physiology 

[Answer  any  three  questions,  but  not  more  than  three.  The 
answer  to  any  one  question  must  not  exceed  three  hundred 
words.  Mention,  where  possible,  experimental  evidence  in  sup- 
port of  your  opinion.  Matter  not  bearing  directly  on  the  ques- 
tion asked  will  count  against  the  writer.] 

1.  Compare  the  functions  of  the  cerebral  hemi- 
spheres with  those  of  the  spinal  cord. 

2.  Discuss  the  pressure  theory  of  secretion. 

3.  Discuss  the  mechanics  of  respiration. 

4.  Sketch  the  general  methods  by  which  food 
values  may  be  determined. 


THE  FOURTH-YEAR  ELECTIVE  COURSE     81 


III 

THE  FOUKTH  YEAR  ELECTIVE  COURSE 

Students  in  the  fourth  year  of  the  Medical 
School  may  elect  additional  work  in  any  field  of 
physiology.  It  is  to  be  presumed  that  such 
students  desire  additional  work  in  physiology  to 
fit  them  for  some  special  field  of  medicine,  for 
example  the  diseases  of  the  nervous  system ;  or 
they  may  wish  to  pursue  physiology,  pathology, 
or  some  other  biological  science  as  a  profession. 
They  will  be  received  into  the  research  labora- 
tories of  the  department,  and  will  carry  on  their 
studies  side  by  side  with  the  members  of  the 
Staff.  The  work  will  consist  of  fundamental 
experiments,  the  study  of  accessory  data,  and 
the  reading  of  selected  original  investigations. 
The  student  will  be  guided  by  personal  confer- 
ences with  the  professor  in  charge,  and,  if  desira- 
ble, by  informal  lectures. 

This  course  counts  toward  the  degree  of  Doctor 
of  Medicine,  and  an  examination,  largely  practical, 
will  be  required. 


82  PHYSIOLOGY  AT  HARVARD 


IV 

PHYSIOLOGICAL  RESEARCH 

The  laboratories  are  open  at  all  times  to  stu- 
dents qualified  to  undertake  research.  The  fol- 
lowing investigations  have  been  published  during 
the  past  eight  years : 

1896 

Porter,  W.  T.  :  The  vasomotor  nerves  of  the 
heart.  Boston  medical  and  surgical  journal, 
1896,  cxxxiv,  pp.  39,  40. 

Porter,  W.  T. :  Weiteres  iiber  den  Verschluss 
der  Coronararterien  ohne  mechanische  Verlet- 
zung.  Centralblatt  fur  Physiologie,  1896,  ix, 
pp.  641-647. 

Porter,  W.  T. :  The  use  of  anthropometrical  meas- 
urements in  schools.  Educational  review, 
1896,  pp.  126-133. 

Porter,  W.  T. :  Further  researches  on  the  closure 
of  the  coronary  arteries.  Journal  of  experi- 
mental medicine,  1896,  i,  pp.  46-70. 

Porter,  W.  T.  :  A  new  method  for  the  study  of 
the  intracardiac  pressure  curve.  Journal  of 
experimental  medicine,  1896,  i,  pp.  296-303. 


PHYSIOLOGICAL  RESEAECH  83 

1897 

Magrath,  J.  B.,  and  H.  Kennedy  :  On  the  relation 
of  the  volume  of  the  coronary  circulation  to 
the  frequency  and  force  of  the  ventricular 
contraction  in  the  isolated  heart  of  the  cat. 
Journal  of  experimental  medicine,  1897,  ii, 
pp.  13-34. 

Porter,  W.  T. :  1.  On  the  cause  of  the  heart-beat. 
2.  The  recovery  of  the  heart  from  fibrillary 
contractions.  3.  Note  on  the  relation  between 
the  beat  of  the  ventricle  and  the  flow  of  blood 
through  the  coronary  arteries.  Journal  of  the 
Boston  society  of  the  medical  sciences,  1897, 
i,  pp.  15-21.  ' 

Porter,  W.  T.  :  On  the  cause  of  the  heart-beat. 
Journal  of  experimental  medicine,  1897,  ii, 
pp.  391-404. 


1898 

Porter,  W.  T. :  The  recovery  of  the  heart  from 
fibrillary  contractions.  American  journal  of 
physiology,  1898,  i,  pp.  71-82. 

Pratt,  F.  H. :  The  nutrition  of  the  heart  through 
the  vessels  of  Thebesius  and  the  coronary  veins. 
American  journal  of  physiology,  1898,  i,  pp. 
86-103. 

Porter,  W.  T. :  The  influence  of  the  heart-beat  on 
the  flow  of  blood  through  the  walls  of  the  heart. 
American  journal  of  physiology,  1898,  i,  pp. 
145-163. 

Hyde,  I.  H. :  The  effect  of  distention  of  the  ven- 
tricle on  the  flow  of  blood  through  the  walls  of 
the  heart.  Americal  journal  of  physiology, 
1898,  i,  pp.  215-224. 


84  PHYSIOLOGY   AT   HARVAKD 

Cleghorn,  A.  :  The  reinforcement  of  voluntary 
muscular  contractions.  American  journal  of 
physiology,  1898,  ii,  pp.  336-345. 

Cannon,  W.  B.  :  The  movements  of  the  stomach 
studied  by  means  of  the  E.ontgen  rays.  Amer- 
ican journal  of  physiology,  1898,  i,  pp.  359- 
382. 

Cannon,  W.  B.,  and  A.  Moser  :  The  movements  of 
the  food  in  the  oesophagus.  American  journal 
of  physiology,  1898,  i,  pp.  435-444. 

Bancroft,  F.  W. :  The  venomotor  nerves  of  the 
hind  limb.  American  journal  of  physiology, 
1898,  i,  pp.  477-485. 

Muskens,  L.  J.  J. :  An  analysis  of  the  action  of 
the  vagus  nerve  on  the  heart.  American 
journal  of  physiology,  1898,  i,  pp.  486-510. 

Porter,  W.  T.  :  A  new  method  for  the  study  of 
the  isolated  mammalian  heart.  American 
journal  of  physiology,  1898,  i.  pp.  511-518. 

1899 

Porter,  W.  T. :  The  coordination  of  the  ventri- 
cles. American  journal  of  physiology,  1899, 
ii,  pp.  127-136. 

Stewart,  C.  C. :  On  the  course  of  impulses  to  and 
from  the  cat's  bladder.  American  journal  of 
physiology,  1899,  ii,  pp.  182-202. 

Batjmgarten,  W. :  Infarction  in  the  heart.  Ameri- 
can journal  of  physiology,  1899,  ii,  pp.  243-265. 

Cleghorn,  A. :  The  action  of  animal  extracts,  bac- 
terial cultures,  and  culture  nitrates  on  the 
mammalian  heart  muscle.  American  journal 
of  physiology,  1899,  ii,  pp.  273-290. 

Cleghorn,  A.  :  The  physiological  action  of  ex- 
tracts of  the  sympathetic  ganglia.  American 
journal  of  physiology,  1899,  ii,  pp.  471-482. 


PHYSIOLOGICAL   EESEAKCH  85 

Woodworth,  B.  S. :  Studies  in  the  contraction  of 
smooth  muscle.  American  journal  of  physiol- 
ogy, 1899,  iii,  pp.  26-44. 

Mathews,  A.  P.  :  The  origin  of  fibrinogen.  Ameri- 
can journal  of  physiology,  1899,  iii,  pp.  53-85. 


1900 

Dearborx,  G-.   V.  jST.  :     Xotes  on  the  individual 

psycho-physiology  of  the  crayfish.     American 

journal  of  physiology,  1900,  iii,  pp.  404-433. 
Porter,  W.  T.,  and  H.  G-.  Beyer  :     The  relation 

of  the  depressor  nerve  to  the  vasomotor  centre. 

American  journal  of  physiology,  1900,  iv,  pp. 

283-299. 
Porter,  W.  T.,  and  W.  Mtjhlberg:  Experiments 

concerning   the   prolonged    inhibition   said   to 

follow  injury  of  the  spinal   cord.     American 

journal  of  physiology,  1900,  iv,  pp.  334—342. 
Franz,  S.  I. :  On  the  methods  of  estimating  the 

force  of  voluntary  contractions  and  on  fatigue. 

American  journal  of  physiology,  1900,  iv,  pp. 

348-372. 
Cleghorx,  A. :  The  physiological  effects  and  the 

nature   of    extracts   of    sympathetic    ganglia. 

Journal  of  the  Boston  Societv  of  the  Medical 

Sciences,  1900,  iv,  pp.  239-242. 


1901 

Mathews,  A.  P. :  The  spontaneous  secretion  of 
saliva  and  the  action  of  atropine.  American 
journal  of  physiology,  1901,  iv,  pp.  482-499. 


86  PHYSIOLOGY  AT  HARVARD 

McCurdy,  J.  H. :  The  effect  of  maximum  mus- 
cular effort  ou  blood-pressure.  American 
journal  of  physiology,  1901,  v,  pp.  95-103. 

Cleghorn,  A.,  and  C.  C.  Stewart:  The  inhibi- 
tion time  of  a  voluntary  muscular  contraction. 
American  journal  of  physiology,  1901,  v,  pp. 
281-286. 

Cannon,  W.  B.  :  Cerebral  pressure  following 
trauma.  American  journal  of  physiology, 
1901,  vi,  pp.  91-121. 


1902 

Cannon,  W.  B. :  The  movements  of  the  intes- 
tines studied  by  means  of  the  Bontgen  rays. 
American  journal  of  physiology,  1902,  vi,  pp. 
251-277. 

Opitz,  B.  B.  :  A  comparative  study  in  the  viscos- 
ity of  the  blood.  American  jourual  of  physi- 
ology, 1902,  vii,  pp.  243-260. 

Lillie,  B.  S. :  On  the  oxidative  properties  of  the 
cell-nucleus.  American  journal  of  physiology, 
1902,  vii,  pp.  412-421. 

Opitz,  B.  B. :  The  now  of  the  blood  in  the  external 
jugular  vein.  American  journal  of  physiology, 
1902,  vii,  pp.  435-459. 

Franz,  S.  I. :  On  the  functions  of  the  cerebrum : 
I.  The  frontal  lobes  in  relation  to  the  produc- 
tion and  retention  of  simple  sensory-motor 
habits.  American  journal  of  physiology,  1902, 
viii,  pp.  1-22. 

Wood  worth,  B.  S.  :  Maximal  contraction,  "  stair- 
case "  contraction,  refractory  period,  and  com- 
pensatory pause,  of  the  heart.  American 
journal  of  physiology,  1902,  viii,  pp.  213-249. 


PHYSIOLOGICAL  RESEARCH  87 

1903 

Cannon,  W.  B. :  Further  observations  on  the 
movements  of  the  stomach  and  intestines. 
American  journal  of  physiology,  1903,  viii, 
pp.  xxi-xxii. 

Porter,  W.  T. :  The  tonus  of  heart  muscle. 
American  journal  of  physiology,  1903,  viii, 
p.  xxvi. 

Porter,  W.  T. :  New  inductorium,  kymograph, 
heart  lever,  heavy  muscle  lever,  and  square 
rheochord.  American  journal  of  physiology, 
1903,  viii,  pp.  xxxv-xli. 

Cannon,  W.  B.,  and  H.  P.  Day  :  Salivary  digestion 
in  the  stomach.  American  journal  of  physiol- 
ogy, 1903,  viii,  p.  xxviii ;  and  ix,  pp.  396-416. 

Porter,  W.  T.,  and  W.  C.  Quinby  :  The  condition 
of  the  vasomotor  neurons  in  "  shock."  Boston 
medical  and  surgical  journal  1903,  cxlix,  pp. 
455-456. 

Cannox,  W.  B. :  Observations  on  the  mechanics  of 
digestion.  Journal  of  the  American  medical 
association,  1903,  xl,  pp.  749-753. 


88  PHYSIOLOGY  AT  HARVAKD 


THE  SUMMER  COURSE 

The  summer  course  in  physiology  will  be  given 
daily  during  the  five  weeks  from  June  27  to  July 
30,  1904,  inclusive.  This  course  will  be  found  to 
be  valuable  to  instructors  of  schools  and  colleges 
who  seek  experience  in  the  teaching  of  physiol- 
ogy by  laboratory  methods.  Students  who  wish 
to  prepare  themselves  for  the  courses  in  the  Med- 
ical School,  or  who  may  desire  to  recover  ground 
lost  by  illness  or  other  misfortune,  will  also  find 
an  opportunity  here.  The  instruction  will  con- 
sist of  fundamental  experiments  performed  by 
the  students  themselves,  and  the  study  of  acces- 
sory data.  An  informal  lecture  or  conference 
will  be  given  daily. 

The  fee  for  these  thirty  days  of  laboratory  in- 
struction, including  the  necessary  material,  will 
be  forty  dollars. 


APPENDIX  89 


APPENDIX 


APPARATUS 


The  desk  assigned  each  pair  of  students  is  155 
cm.  long  and  61  cm.  wide.  A  ledge  7  cm.  high 
guards  the  farther  side.  At  one  end  are  placed 
a  locker  35  cm.  wide,  and  two  drawers ;  a  single 
lock  secures  the  three.  Not  all  the  apparatus 
used  in  the  course  can  be  placed  in  the  locker 
and  drawers  at  one  time.  That  used  in  the  ear- 
lier chapters  is  issued  first  (see  Appendix,  Form  G, 
page  102).  From  time  to  time,  articles  no  longer 
in  use  are  returned  to  the  instructors  (see  Appen- 
dix, Form  J,  page  107). 

The  department  finds  it  advisable  to  maintain 
a  stock  of  apparatus  large  enough  to  enable  broken 
articles  to  be  replaced  at  once  from  the  reserve. 
Thus  the  student  is  not  delayed  while  repairs  are 
making ;  moreover,  the  repairing  for  the  entire 
course  can  then  be  done  in  the  summer,  after  the 
instruction  is  finished.  The  expense,  per  instru- 
ment, is  thereby  diminished. 


90  PHYSIOLOGY  AT   HARVARD 


List  of  Articles  used  in  the  First-Year 

Course  * 

Adjustable  plate,  or  nerve  holder.2 

Artificial  scheme,  see  circulation  scheme. 

Balances,    four,    sensitiveness    1  nig.,    maximum 
weight,  1500  g. 

Balancing  board,  see  board,  balancing. 

*Band,  rubber,  diameter  9  cm.,  for  the  head. 

Beaker,  13  cm.  high. 

Beakers,  3,  7  X  6  cm. 

Block,  8.6  X  8.6  X  1.6  cm.,  for  +10  D  lens,  in  arti- 
ficial eye  box. 

— — ,  8.6  X  8.6  x  1.6  cm.,  for  cylindrical  +7  D  lens, 
in  artificial  eye  box. 

,  8.6  X  8.6  X  1.6  cm.,  for  mirror,  in  artificial 

eye  box. 

8.6  x  8.6  X  1.6  cm.,  for  retina,  in  artificial 


eye  box. 

Board,  balancing,  38.5  X  20.5  X  4.5  cm. 

-> — ,  mesentery,  with  6  fine  pins. 

Book,  for  laboratory  notes,  21  x  17.5  cm.,  180  pages. 

,  for  thesis,  21  X  17.2  cm.,. 32  pages. 

Bottle,  glass  stopper,  9  X  3.7  cm.,  45  c.c.  curare ; 
2  drops  should  paralyze  a  frog  in  about  10  min- 
utes. 

,  5x3  cm.,  20  c.c,  with  100  grams  of  mercury. 

,  glass  stopper,  13  X  5.3  cm.,  135  c.c.  normal 

saline. 

,  glass  stopper  13  X  5.3  cm.,  135  c.c.  saturated 

solution  zinc  sulphate. 

1  Articles  for  the  subjects  in  preparation  will  be  added  when 
the  experiments  are  ready. 

2  Articles  marked  *  will  be  placed  in  the  small  wooden 
boxes. 


APPENDIX  91 

Bottle,  round,  9.5  X  4  cm.,  72  c.c.  distilled  water, 
cork  flush  with  neck,  in  artificial  eye  box. 

,  square,  7.5  X  4.3  X  4.3  cm.,  filled  with  68  c.c. 

of  75  per  cent  glycerine  tinged  with  eosin ;  cork 
flush  with  neck ;  in  artificial  eye  box. 
-,  flat,  11.5  X  4.5  x  2.2  cm.,  60  c.c.  chrome  alum 


solution. 

— ,  large,  for  used  alcohol. 


Bottles,  3,  glass  stoppers,  10  x  4.2  cm.,  70  c.c,  for 

solutions. 
Bowl,  earthenware,  18 -X  5.5  cm.,  1200  c.c. 
Box,  black,  to  cover  retina. 

,  43.5  x  20.4  x  24  cm.,  to  mount  electrometer. 

Boxes,  2,  wooden,  12  x  8.7  X  5  cm. 
*Brush,  camel's-hair,  for  handling  nerves. 
Burette,  glass  stop-cock,  10  c.c,  divided  1 :  20. 
Burette  holder,  metal. 
Burner,  Bunsen,  with  150  cm.  rubber  tubing. 

,  fish-tail,  with  perfect  tip. 

*Cannula,  metal,  for  aorta,  with  10  cm.  rubber  tube, 

and  3.5  cm.  glass  rod  to  fit  tube. 
Carbon  dioxide  generator,  with  wash  bottle,  marble, 

20  per  cent  HC1  in  beaker,  and  connecting  tubes. 
Card,  with  ISTo.  20  copper  wire. 
Cell,  Daniell,  amalgamated  zinc,  copper,  porous  cup, 

saturated  solution  copper  sulphate,  5  per  cent 

sulphuric  acid. 
Cells,  2  dry. 
*Cement,   colophonium  1  part,   beeswax  4  parts, 

piece  2  x  2  x  2.5  cm. 
Centrifugal  machine.    - 
Circulation  scheme. 
Clamp,  curved  iron. 

,  4  double  iron. 

Clamp,  femur,  or  muscle  clamp. 
Clay,  potter's  kaolin  in  dish,  5.5  X  3.7  cm.,  moist- 
ened with  0.6  per  cent  NaCl  solution. 


92  PHYSIOLOGY  AT  HARVARD 

Cloth,  cotton,  30  X  40  cm. 

,  linen,  20  X  20  cm. 

*Collar  button. 

♦Compressor,  or  cork  clamp,  or  Gaskell  clamp. 

Containers,  2,  for  haemoglobin  estimation. 

Cork,  diameter  2  cm. 

Cotton  ;  fill  beaker  loosely. 

Cover-glass,  thin. 

Cylinder,  cardboard,  20.5  X  5.5  cm.,  for  kymograph 

paper. 

,  cardboard,  5.5  X  30  cm. 

— ,  cardboard  box,  26  X  4  cm.,  for  straws. 

,  graduated,  50  c.c. 

,  tin,  cork  plug,  incense,  in  artificial  eye  box. 

Diaphragm,  0.2  mm.  aperture,  in  artificial  eye  box. 

,  L  aperture,  in  artificial  eye  box. 

,  vertical  and  horizontal  slit,  in  artificial  eye 

box. 
Dish,  evaporating,  diameter  8  cm. 

,  paper,  diameter  16  cm.,  for  rocking  key. 

Dissecting  case,  with  scissors,  one  large  and  one 

small  forceps,  and  a  seeker. 
Distilling  apparatus. 
*Electrodes,  brass,  1  flat,  and  1  wire. 

,  for  inductorium. 

* ,  needle,  2  pair,  each  pair  passed  through  a 

cork,  diameter  1  cm. 
,  4  unpolarizable  boots,  with  4  spring  clips,  4 

zincs,  and  4  No.  27  wires,  10  cm.  long,  in  moist 

chamber. 

,  2  platinum,  2  x  0.5  cm. 

— — ,  1  zinc,  7  X  0.5  cm. 
Electromagnetic  signal,  see  signal  magnet. 
Electrometer,  capillary,  20  per  cent  sulphuric  acid, 

with  box,  and  curved  iron  clamp. 
Ergograph,  iron  stand  with  spring,  with  adjustable 

rod,  hand  rest,  and  curved  iron  clamp. 


APPENDIX  93 

Eudiometer. 

Eye,  artificial,  see  optical  box. 

f  artificial  ophthalmoscopic,  in  artificial  eye  box. 

Filter  pump. 

Flasks,  3,  Erlemeyer,  150  c.  c,  with  rubber  stoppers. 
Frog,  sciatic  nerve  cut  4  days  before  use. 
Frogs,  medium  size,  average  number  for  each  stu- 
dent, 45. 

,  large,  average  number  for  each  student,  4. 

Frog  board,  4  clips. 

Frog-heart  manometer,  see  manometer,  small  mer- 
cury. 
Funnel,  diameter  4  cm. 
Funnel,  separating. 
Funnels,  3,  diameter  7  cm. 

Galvanometer. 

*Gas  chamber,  cork  with  2  tubes  and  2  electrodes, 
normal  saline  clay. 

Gauze,  3  pieces,  20  X  20  cm. 

♦Handles,  4  wooden,  for  pressure-hairs. 

Heart-holder,  wooden  stand. 

Holmgren's  worsteds,  for  testing  color  vision. 

*Hooks,  2  S  -shaped,  one  end  sharp. 

* ,  2  double. 

Hydrogen  peroxide  apparatus. 

Hydrometer  (urinometer). 

Hypobromite  apparatus,  for  urea  estimation. 

Ice. 

Incense,  4  pieces,  3  cm.  long,  in  artificial  eye  box. 

Inductorium. 

Ink,  black  and  red. 

Interrupter  wheel. 

*Iron  filings,  2  grams. 

Jar,  glass,  battery,  20  X  17  cm.,  to  hold  frog. 

Key,  rocking,  with  paper  dish. 

,  simple. 

Kymograph. 


94  PHYSIOLOGY  AT  HARVARD 

Lantern,  2  draw  tnbes. 

Lens,  convex,  +2  D,  in  small  envelope,  in  artificial 

eye  box. 
,  convex,  +10  D,  in  wooden  block,  in  artificial 

eye  box. 
-,  concave,  — 2  D,  in  small  envelope,  in  artifi- 


cial eye  box. 

— ,  cylindrical,    +2    D,    in    small    envelope,    in 
artificial  eye  box. 

cylindrical,  +7  D,  in  wooden  block,  in  artifi- 


cial eye  box. 

Lever,  light  muscle,  with  small  scale  pan  and  ver- 
tical pin. 

Lever,  heavy  muscle,  with  large  scale  pan. 

Ligature,  linen  thread,  100-yard  spool. 

,  silk,  2  yards,  on  spool. 

*Magnet,  bar. 

Manometer,   small  mercury,   with  glass  float  and 
rubber  tube. 

Marble,  for  carbon  dioxide  generator. 

Membrane,  finest  rubber,  diameter  2  cm.,  for  sphyg- 
mograph  tambour. 

* ,  rubber  dam,  diameter  5  cm.,  for  sphygmo- 

graph  thistle  tube. 

^Menthol  pencil. 

Mercury  cup,  for  vibrating  reed. 

Mesentery  board,  see  board,  mesentery. 

Metronome,  one  in  each  room. 

*  Micrometer  ocular. 

Microscope,  with  jointed  stand  for  horizontal  ad- 
justment. 

*Millimetre  paper,  strip  15  X  1.5  cm. 

Mirror,  concavo-convex,  in  wooden  block,  in  artifi- 
cial eye  box. 

,  plane,  glass,  5x5  cm.,  in  artificial  eye  box. 

Moist  chamber,  with  4  unpolarizable  boots,  4  clips, 
1  femur  clamp,  and  glass  shade. 


APPENDIX  95 

Mortar,  diameter  7  cm.,  and  pestle. 
Mounting  rod,  for  boot  electrodes. 
Muscle  clamp,  see  clamp,  femur. 

,  lever,  heavy,  see  lever,  heavy  muscle. 

,  lever,  light,  see  lever,  light  muscle. 

,  warmer,  with  thermometer,  lead  shot,  and 

ice. 
Needle,  three-sided. 
Nerve  holder,  see  adjustable  plate. 
Optical  box,  see  also 

block,  holding  +10  D  lens. 

,  holding  cylindrical  +7  D  lens. 

,  holding  concavo-convex  mirror. 

,  holding  retina. 

bottle,  round,  9.5  x  4  cm.,  72  c.c.  of  distilled 
water,  cork  flush  with  neck. 

,  square,  filled  with  75  per  cent  glycerine 

tinged  with  eosin ;  cork  flush  with  neck, 
cover,  plate  glass, 
cylinder,  tin,  with  cork  plug, 
diaphragm,  0.2  mm.  aperture. 

,  L  aperture. 

,  vertical  and  horizontal  slit. 

black  paper,  8.6  x  8.6  cm.,  aperture  4  mm. 

incense,  4  pieces  3  cm,  long, 
lens,  convex,  +2  D,  in  small  envelope,  in  arti- 
ficial eye  box. 
,  convex,  +10  D>  in  wooden  block,  in  arti- 
ficial eye  box. 

,  concave,   —2  D,    in   small   envelope,   in 

artificial  eye  box. 

,  cylindrical,    +2   D,   in   small   envelope, 

in  artificial  eye  box. 
-,  cylindrical,  +7  D,  in  wooden  block,  in 


artificial  eye  box. 
mirror,  plane,  silvered  glass, 
ophthalmoscopic  eye,  with  rod. 


96  PHYSIOLOGY  AT  HARVARD 

Optical  screen,  1  cm.  diameter, 
slide,  glass,  to  cover  window. 

ground  glass. 

*Paper,  black,  lxl  cm.,  stroboscopic  method. 

,  coordinate,  10  X  10  cm. 

,  filter,  1  sheet,  50  X  50  cm. 

* 1  filter,  5x5  cm.,  soaked  in  starch  paste  with 

potassium  iodide. 
,  glazed  on   one   side,   in   cardboard   case,  25 

sheets,  54.8  X  18.5  cm.  gummed  0.8  cm.  at  one 

end. 
Paper,  lacmoid,  impregnated  with  saturated  neutral 

sodium  chloride  solution. 

,  lacmoid,  after  Dr.  Loewy,  3x3  cm. 

,  litmus. 

,  paraffin,  10  X  7  cm. 

,  black,  red,  green,  blue,  1  cm.  square. 

,  white,  50  X  60  cm. 

,  for  written  tests,  24.5  x  19.5  cm.,  printed. 

* ,  for  writing-points,  5x5  cm. 

Paramecia. 

*Pins,  6,  for  mesentery. 

Pipette,  glass  tube,  20  cm.  long,  diameter  0.6  cm., 

drawn  out. 

,  fine  glass. 

,  Engel,  marked  0.05  and  5.0  ccm. 

,  rubber  bulb. 

,  Thoma-Zeiss,  small. 

,  Thoma-Zeiss,  large. 

Plate,  glass,  12.8  X  10.3  cm. 

,  glass  cover,  for  artificial  eye  box. 

Plethysmograph  tube,  with   rubber   collar  4  cm. 

long,  rubber  tubing,  and  J"-tube. 
Pole  changer,  see  key,  rocking. 
Rabbit,    uninjured,    in   rabbit   holder,   for    heart 

reflex. 
Reed,  vibrating,  20  cm. 


APPENDIX  97 

Respiration   apparatus,  for   estimation  of  0,  C02, 
and  H20 : 

2  aspirator  bottles  36  x  14  cm.,  4000  c.c. 
wooden  tray  containing  seven  bottles,  18  X 
7.3  cm.,  500  c.c. ;  1  and  4,  filled  with  soda- 
lime  ;  2,  3,  and  5  filled  with  pumice  stone 
soaked    in   sulphuric    acid;     6,   a   Muller's 
mercury  valve;   7,  a  quart  glass  jar,  with 
metal  screw  top  and  rubber  ring. 
2  small  velvet  corks  to  stop  tubes  when  not 
in  use. 
2  rubber  tubes  17  X  1.1  cm. 
4  rubber  tubes  5x1  cm. 
2  rubber  tubes,  40  X  1.1  cm. 
Rheochord. 
*Ring,  brass,  0.1  gram. 

,  2  straw  fasteners. 

,  iron,  with  rod,  diameter  8  cm. 

■ ,  iron,  with  rod,  diameter  3.5  cm. 

*Rod,  glass,  3.5  cm.,  for  aortic  cannula  tube. 

,  glass,  L-shaped,  Exp.  salts  on  heart-muscle. 

,  stirring,  20  cm.  long,  end  drawn  out. 

,  wooden,  8.5  X  0.6  cm. 

Scale  pan,  large. 

pan,  small. 

Shellac  dissolved  in  96  per  cent  alcohol. 

*Shot,  lead,  1  gram,  split. 

Signal  magnet. 

♦Slide,  glass,  7.6  X  2.6  cm. 

,  glass,  7.6  X  3.9  cm.,  in  artificial  eye  box. 

glass,    with    metal    ring,    for    coagulation 


5 

time. 


ground  glass,  7.6  x  3.9  cm.,  in  artificial  eye 


box. 

Zappert-Ewing. 


Sodium  chloride,  crystals   in  salt  mouth,  30  c.c. 
bottle. 


98  PHYSIOLOGY   AT   HARVARD 

Solutions,1 

acetic  acid  (strong). 

,  1  per  cent. 

,  glacial,  J  per  cent. 

alcohol,  13  per  cent. 

,  96  per  cent. 

a-naphthol  solution,  fresh: 

a-naphthol 1  mol. 

sodium  carbonate     ...     3  mols. 
para-phenylenediamine     .     1  mol. 

amyl  nitrite. 

ammonia,  ISTH3. 

atropine,  0.5  per  cent. 

barium  hydroxide,  saturated. 

benzol-chloroform,  sp.  gr.  1.059. 

Biedermann's  fluid, 

sodium  chloride,  NaCl,  5  grams ;  disodium 
hydrogen  phosphate,  Na2HP04,  2  grams  ;  so- 
dium carbonate,  Na2C03,  0.4  gram;  water, 
H20,  1000  c.c. 

butyric  acid,  t£q. 

calcium  chloride,  CaCl2,  1  per  cent. 

— — ,  to  precipitate  equal  quantities  of  2  per 

cent  potassium  oxalate  solution, 
cane  sugar,  0.5  per  cent, 
copper  sulphate,  CuS04,  saturated  solution, 
distilled  water,  H20. 
ether. 
Fehling's. 

1  The  composition  of  each  solution  for  general  distribution 
is  written  upon  as  many  tags  as  there  are  pairs  of  students. 
The  writing  is  coated  with  shellac  dissolved  in  alcohol.  The 
necessary  quantity  of  the  liquids  is  transferred  from  large  stock 
bottles  to  three  small  bottles,  upon  which  the  corresponding 
tags  are  placed.  Each  tag  has  a  metal  ring  which  slips  readily 
over  the  neck  of  the  bottle.  At  the  close  of  the  exercise  the 
tags  are  stored  away,  and  the  bottles  carefully  washed. 


APPENDIX 


99 


Solutions  (continued)  — 

fermentation  liquid : 

potassium  phosphate  . 

20  grams. 

calcium  phosphate .     . 

2      " 

magnesium  sulphate  . 

2      " 

ammonium  tartrate     .     . 

100      " 

1,500      " 

8,376      " 

10,000      " 

ferric  chloride,  2  per  cent. 

Gower's : 

sodium  sulphate     .     . 

7.3  grams. 

acetic  acid     .... 

20  c.c. 

guiac,  freshly  dissolved  in  alcohol, 
haemoglobin,  carbon  monoxide,  0.2  per  cent, 

saturated  with  carbon  monoxide, 
hydrochloric  acid,  HC1,  20  per  cent. 


gram. 

gram, 
c.c. 


)    1  0* 

,  0.281  per  cent. 

,  sp.  gr.  1.124 

iodine  : 

iodine    ......         1 

potassium  iodide     .         1 

water 100 

litmus,  neutral. 

magnesium  sulphate,  saturated  solution. 

muscarine  (trace). 

nicotine,  0.2  per  cent. 

olive  oil,  commercial. 

,  neutral. 

5.5  per  cent  rancid. 


oxalic  acid,  normal. 

potassium  chloride,  KC1,  5  per  cent. 

,  0.9  per  cent. 

potassium  chromate,  5  per  cent, 
potassium  ferricyanide,  5  per  cent. 


100  PHYSIOLOGY  AT  HARVAKD 

Solutions  {continued)  — 

potassium  hydrate,  jfo. 

potassium  oxalate,  neutral,  2  per  cent. 

Ringer's  fluid : 

calcium  chloride,  CaCl2   .       0.0026  gram, 
potassium  chloride,  KC1 .       0.035  gram, 
sodium  chloride,  NaCl     .       0.7  gram, 
water,  H20,  to  make    .     .  100  c.c. 

soap. 

sodium  acetate,  saturated  solution. 

sodium  carbonate,  Na2C03,  1  per  cent. 

— — ,  0.25  per  cent. 

sodium  chloride,  JSTaCl,  saturated  solution. 

,  8  per  cent. 

,  0.6  per  cent,  "normal  saline." 

- — -,  0.75  per  cent. 

sodium  hydrate,  -fa. 

,  0.1  per  cent. 

-,  sp.  gr.  1.34. 

sodium  hydroxide,  sp.  gr.  1.12. 

strychnine  sulphate,  0.5  per  cent. 

sulphuric  acid,  H2S04,  5  per  cent. 

,  0.2  per  cent. 

,  0.2  per  cent,  sterile. 

tartaric  acid,  yg. 

urea,  2  per  cent,  neutral. 

veratrine  acetate,  1  per  cent. 
Sphygmograph   tambour,  with   rubber  tubing,  T- 
tube,  fine  straw,  finest  rubber  membrane,  thistle 
tube,  rubber  dam,  and  collar  button. 
Stand,  two  iron,  with  4  clamps. 

,  iron,  tripod  base. 

,  wooden. 

Starch  paste. 

Stoppers,  rubber,  3,  to  fit  Erlemeyer  flasks. 
Straw,  fine,  for  sphygmograph  tambour. 
,  large,  36  cm.  long,  with  platinum  wire  sol- 
dered to  thin  copper  wire. 


APPENDIX  101 

Straws,  large,  20  cm.  long,  3  in  cardboard  case. 
Sulphuric  acid  drying  apparatus. 
Tags,  written  and  shellacked. 
Test  tubes,  6,  2  x  15  cm. 

,  3,  1  X  7.5  cm. 

Thermometer,  diameter  not  over  0.8  cm. 

*Thread,  silk,  50  cm. 

Tin  foil,  see  Paper. 

Tortoise,  average  number  for  each  student,  1. 

Towel,  small. 

Tracing  holders,  3. 

Tube,  glass,  pointed,  for  coagulation  time. 

Tuning  fork. 

Vertebral  saw. 

Volume  tube,  2  corks  with  hook  electrode. 

Wash  bottle,  for  carbon  dioxide  generator. 

Watch  glasses,  6,  diameter  5  cm. 

Water  bath,  25  x  25  x  38  cm.  on  iron  support. 

Web  board;  may  use  mesentery  board. 

^Weights,  10  one-gram  in  box. 

,  90  ten-gram  in  large  scale  pan. 

,  1-1000  grams,  for  balance. 

Wire  gauze,  10  X  10  cm. 

Wire,  300  cm.,  fine  copper,  no.  33,  on  spool. 

,  copper,  10  cm. 

,  iron,  10  cm. 

,  zinc,  10  cm. 

Wires,  copper,  13  No.  25,  60  cm.  long,  on  spool. 

-,  copper,  2  No.  25,  150  cm.  long,  coiled. 

,  connecting,  for  lantern,  with  plug. 

Work  adder. 


102  PHYSIOLOGY   AT   HARVARD 

Form  F. 

[Requisition  blank.] 

Harvard  Medical  School, 

Department  of  Physiology, 
,  190. 


The  undersigned  desires  the  following  supplies  : 


Boom 

Number 


(Signed). 


Form  G. 


Harvard  Medical  School, 

Department  of  Physiology, 

February  1,  1904. 


The  undersigned  students  have  received  the 
first  issue  of  apparatus,  for  experiments  upon  the 
methods  of  stimulation,  electrical  stimulation  of 
tissue,  chemical  and  mechanical  stimulation,  irrita- 
bility, and  conductivity.1 

(Signed) 


Desk Boom. 


1  Articles  marked  *  will  be  found  in  the  small  wooden  boxes. 


APPENDIX  103 


[First  Issue  of  Apparatus.] 

Adjustable  plate. 
Beakers,  3. 
Bottle,  with  curare. 

,  with  0.6  per  cent  NaCl. 

,  with  saturated  ZnS04. 

,  with  Hg. 

Boxes,  2  small  wooden. 

Bowl. 

*Brush,  camel's  hair,  for  handling  nerves. 

Burner,  Bunsen,  and  tubing. 

,  fish-tail  with  perfect  tip. 

Cells,  2  dry. 

♦Cement,  colophonium. 

Clamps,  femur. 

,  4  double  iron. 

Clay,  in  glass  dish. 

♦Compressor  (Gaskell  clamp). 

Cork. 

Cylinder,   cardboard,   with   25  sheets   kymograph 

paper. 

,  cardboard  box,  with  2  straws. 

Dish,  paper,  for  rocking  key. 
*Electrodes,  brass,  one  flat  and  one  wire. 

,  for  inductorium. 

* ,  4  needle,  with  2  small  corks. 

,  unpolarizable  (4  boots,  4  spring  clips,  4  zincs, 

in  moist  chamber). 
Frog  board  with  4  clips. 
*Hooks,  S-Shaped,  2. 

# ,  double,  2. 

Inductorium. 

Jar,  battery. 

Key,  rocking,  with  paper  dish. 

,  simple. 

Kymograph. 


104  PHYSIOLOGY  AT  HARVARD 

Lever,  light  muscle,  with  vertical  pin. 

Ligatures,  thread,  on  spool. 

Millimetre  paper. 

Moist  chamber,  glass  cover. 

Mounting  rod  for  unpolarizable  electrodes. 

Paper,  coordinate. 

,  filter. 

* ,  for  writing  points. 

-,  glazed,  25  sheets  in  cardboard  case. 


Pipette. 

,  fine  glass. 

,  with  rubber  bulb. 

Plate,  glass. 

Porcelain  dish. 

Bheochord. 

*Bing,  wire  straw  fastener,  2. 

Rod,  glass. 

Scale  pan,  small. 

Signal  magnet. 

Stand,  wooden. 

Stands,  2  iron,  and  4  clamps. 

Straws,  3  in  case. 

Tracing  holders,  3. 

Tuning  fork. 

*  Weights,  10  ten-gram. 

"Wire,  300  cm.  fine  copper,  on  spool. 

,  copper,  10  cm. 

-,  zinc,  10  cm. 


Wires,  copper,  13,  each  60  cm.,  one,  150  cm. 


APPENDIX  105 

Form  H. 

Harvard  Medical  School, 

Department  of  Physiology, 

,  1904. 

The  undersigned  students  have  received  the  second 
issue  of  apparatus,  comprising  the  additional  pieces 
necessary  for  experiments  on  fermentation  and  di- 
gestion, absorption,  lymph,  blood,  and  secretion. 

(Signed) 

Boom Desk 

[Second  Issue  of  Apparatus.] 

Bottles,  wide  mouth,  3. 

Burette. 

Burette  clamp. 

Burette  stand. 

Cotton. 

Cylinder,  graduated. 

Filter  papers,  round,  20. 

Funnel  ring,  iron. 

Funnels,  3. 

Gauze. 

Hypobromite  apparatus  (chemical  department). 

Hydrogen  peroxide  apparatus. 

Linen  cloth. 

Mortar. 

Pestle. 

Stirring  rod. 

Surgical  needle. 

Test  papers. 

Thermometer  (chemical  department). 

Tubing,  rubber,  length  1  inch. 


106  PHYSIOLOGY  AT  HARVARD 

Form  I. 

Harvard  Medical  School, 

Department  op  Physiology, 

,  1904. 

The  undersigned  students  have  received  the 
third  issue  of  apparatus,  comprising  the  additional 
pieces  necessary  for  experiments  upon  electromo- 
tive phenomena,  change  of  form  in  contractile 
tissues,  spinal  cord,  and  brain,  sensations  of  tem- 
perature, pressure,  tickle,  and  pain,  motor  sensa- 
tions, and  taste. 

(Signed) 

Room Desk 

[Third  Issue  of  Apparatus.] 
Cork  clamp. 
Cotton. 

Electrodes,  2  platinum,  2  x  0.5  cm. 
Ergograph,  with  adjustable  rod,  and  hand  rest.  - 
Eunnel  ring. 
Interrupter  wheel. 

Lever,  heavy  muscle  (rigid  muscle  lever). 
Menthol  pencil. 
Micrometer  ocular. 
Muscle  warmer,  with  mounting  rod. 
Rod,  pointed  wooden. 
Rubber  band. 

Scale  pan,  large,  with  90  ten-gram  weights. 
Shot,  lead,  split. 
Vertebral  saw. 
Volume  tube ;  rubber  stopper  with  capillary  tube, 

glass    rod,    and   electrode ;    cork   stopper,   with 

electrode. 
Weights,  10  one-gram,  in  box. 


APPENDIX  107 

Weights,  90  ten-gram,  in  scale  pan. 
Wire  gauze.1 

Form  J. 

Harvard  Medical  School, 

Department  of  Physiology, 

March ,  1904. 

The  following  apparatus  has  been  returned  by 
students and 

Boom Desk = 

[First  Return  List.] 

Adjustable  plate. 

Bottle,  with  saturated  ZnS04. 

Cork  clamp. 

Dish  with  clay  (kaolin). 

Electrodes,  2  platinum,  2  X  0.5  cm. 

,  4  unpolarizable  (4  boots,  4   spring  clips,  4 

zincs). 
Ergograph,  with  adjustable  rod,  and  hand  rest. 
Interrupter  wheel. 
Micrometer  ocular. 
Moist  chamber,  glass  cover. 
Mounting  rod  for  unpolarizable  electrodes. 
Lever,  heavy  muscle. 
Muscle  warmer,  with  mounting  rod. 
Nerve  holder,  see  adjustable  plate. 
Eheochord. 
Wire,  copper,  10  cm. 

,  zinc,  10  cm. 

(Signed) 

For  Department  of  Physiology. 

1  The  balancing  board  and  the  electrometer,  mounted  on 
box  with  eurved  iron  clamp,  will  be  separately  issued  upon  the 
days  they  are  to  be  used. 


108  PHYSIOLOGY  AT  HARVARD 

Form  K. 

Harvard  Medical  School, 

Department  of  Physiology, 

,  1904. 

The  undersigned  students  have  received  the 
fourth  issue  of  apparatus,  for  experiments  on  physi- 
ological optics  and  on  vision. 

(Signed) 

Room Desk 


[Fourth  Issue  of  Apparatus.] 

Artificial  eye,  with  rod. 
Optical  lantern,  two  draw-tubes. 
Optical  box,  containing 

block,  holding  +10  D  lens. 

,  holding  cylindrical  +7  D  lens. 

■ ,  holding  concavo-convex  mirror. 

,  holding  retina. 

bottle,  round,  9.5  x  4  cm.,  72  c.c.  of  distilled 
water,  cork  flush  with  neck. 

bottle,  square,  filled  with  75  per  cent  glycer- 
ine tinged  with  eosin ;  cork  flush  with  neck. 

cover,  plate  glass. 

cylinder,  tin,  with  cork  plug. 

diaphragm,  0.2  mm.  aperture. 

,  L  aperture. 

,  vertical  and  horizontal  slit. 

diaphragm,  black  paper,  8.6  X  8.6  cm., 

aperture  4  mm. 

incense,  4  pieces  3  cm.  long. 

lens,  convex,  +2  D,  in  small  envelope. 

,  convex,  +10  D,  in  wooden  block. 

,  concave,  —2  D,  in  small  envelope. 


APPENDIX  109 

Optical  lens,  cylindrical,  +2  D,  in  small  envelope. 

,  cylindrical,  +7  D,  in  wooden  block. 

mirror,  plane,  silvered  glass, 
ophthalmoscopic  eye,  with  rod. 
screen,  1  cm.  diameter, 
slide,  glass,  to  cover  window. 
,  ground  glass. 


Form  L. 


Harvard  Medical  School, 

Department  of  Physiology, 

,  1904. 


The  undersigned  students  have  received  the  fifth 
issue  of  apparatus,  comprising  the  additional  pieces 
necessary  for  experiments  on  the  circulation. 

(Signed) 


Eoom Desk 

[Fifth  Issue  of  Apparatus.] 

Beaker,  small. 

Board,  mesentery. 

Cannula,  brass. 

Circulation  scheme. 

Collar  button. 

Heart  holder. 

Manometer,  small  mercury,  with  glass  float,  glass 

rod,  and  rubber  tube. 
Membrane,  rubber  dam,  diameter  5  cm. 
Rubber  collar  4  cm.  long. 
Sphygmograph  thistle  tube  with  rubber  tubing  and 

T-tube. 
Stand,  wooden. 
Tambour,  with  finest  rubber  membrane. 


110  PHYSIOLOGY  AT  HARVARD 

Form  M. 

Harvard  Medical  School, 

Department  of  Physiology, 

,1904. 

The  following  apparatus  has  been  returned  by 
students .and 

Room Desk 


[Second  Return  List.] 

Bottle  with  chrome  alum. 

Dish,  paper,  for  rocking  key. 

Electrodes,  brass,  one  flat  and  one  wire. 

Key,  rocking,  with  paper  dish. 

Lantern,  two  draw-tubes. 

Mounting  rod  for  unpolarizable  electrodes. 

Optical  box,  containing 

block,  holding  +10  D  lens. 

,  holding  cylindrical  +7  D  lens. 

,  holding  concavo-convex  mirror. 


,  holding  retina. 

bottle,  round,  9.5  X  4  cm.,  72  c.c.  of  distilled 

water,  cork  flush  with  neck. 
,  square,  filled  with  75  per  cent  glycerine 

tinged  with  eosin ;  cork  flush  with  neck, 
cover,  plate  glass, 
cylinder,  tin,  with  cork  plug, 
diaphragm,  0.2  mm.  aperture. 

,  L  aperture. 

,  vertical  and  horizontal  slit. 

,  black  paper,  8.6  x  8.6  cm.,  aperture  4  mm. 

incense,  4  pieces  3  cm.  long. 

lens,  convex,  +2  D,  in  small  envelope. 

,  convex,  +10  D,  in  wooden  block. 

,  concave,  — 2  D,  in  small  envelope. 

,  cylindrical,  +2  D,  in  small  envelope. 

,  cylindrical,  +7  D,  in  wooden  block. 


APPENDIX  111 

Optical  mirror,  plane,  silvered. 

ophthalmoscopic  eye.  with  rod. 

screen,  1  cm.  diameter. 

slide,  glass,  to  cover  window. 

,  ground  glass. 

Pole  changer,  see  key,  rocking. 

Rubber  band. 

Scale  pan,  large,  with  90  ten-gram  weights. 

Slide,  glass. 

Tuning  fork. 

Weights,  90  ten-gram,  in  scale  pan. 

(Signed) , 

For  Department  of  Physiology. 

Materials  for  Experiments  on  Fermentation 

Crushed  freshly  germinating  barley,  2>$>,  40.1 
Potato  starch,  38.  Fehling's  solution,  38,  39,  85. 
Cupric  sulphate,  38.  Potassium  sodium  tartrate, 
38.  Sodium  hydroxide,  sp.  gr.  1,  34,  38.  Iodine 
solution,  39.  Starch  paste,  39,  40.  Saliva,  fil- 
tered, 39,  41.  Linen  cloth,  40,  48,  81.  Alcohol, 
40,  53.  Diastase,  40.  Fibrin,  41,  44,  49.  Olive 
oil,  neutral,  41,  56,  51.  Cooked  beef,  41,  43. 
Bread,  41.  Cat,  fasting  twelve  hours,  to  be  fed 
cooked  beef  and  bread,  41.  Ligatures,  41.  Mu- 
cous membrane  from  fourth  stomach  of  calf,  42, 
44.  Hydrochloric  acid,  dilute,  42,  43,  44,  45,  54. 
Hydrochloric  acid,  sp.  gr.  1,124,  42.  Mucous  mem- 
brane of  pig's  or  rabbit's  stomach,  42.  Glycerine, 
42,  62.  Three  test-tubes,  43.  Artificial  gastric 
juice,  43.  Glycerine  extract  of  pepsin,  44.  Com- 
mercial pepsin,  44.     Fresh  milk,  45,  46.     Litmus 

1  The  numbers  refer  to  pages  in  "  Experiments  for  Students 
in  the  Harvard  Medical  School,"  third  edition. 


112  PHYSIOLOGY  AT  HARYAKD 

paper,  46.  Solutions  of  Arthus  and  Pages,  46. 
Neutral  potassium  oxalate,  2  per  cent,  46.  Eennin, 
46.  Calcium  chloride,  solution  to  precipitate  equal 
quantities  of  the  potassium  oxalate  solution,  47. 
Blood  clot,  48,  49.  Blood  clot  washed  free  from 
corpuscles,  49.  Serous  fluid  that  does  not  clot  spon- 
taneously, such  as  ascitic,  pleural,  or  hydrocele 
fluid,  48.     Serum  from  blood  of  ox,  dog,  or  horse, 

48.  Sodium  chloride,  8  per  cent  solution,  49,  50. 
Blood  directly  from  an  artery,  49.  Magnesium 
sulphate,  saturated  solution,  49.  Centrifugal 
machine,  49.     Sodium  chloride,  saturated  solution, 

49.  Funnels,  49.  Filter  paper,  49.  Fibrin  fer- 
ment, 50.  Three  flasks,  50.  Fresh  urine,  50. 
Ammoniacal  urine,  50,  53.  Carbolic  acid,  satu- 
rated solution,  51.  Hydrochloric  acid,  dilute,  51. 
Hypobromite  apparatus,  51.  Bottle  for  used  alco- 
hol, 53.  Urea,  neutral  2  per  cent  solution,  53. 
Fresh  pancreas  or  extract  of  pancreas,  56.  Com- 
mercial olive  oil,  56.  Separating  funnel,  56.  Ba- 
rium hydroxide,  saturated  solution,  56.  Rancid 
olive  oil,  containing  5.5  per  cent  fatty  acid,  57. 
Sodium  carbonate,  0.25  per  cent  solution,  57. 
Water  containing  soap,  57.  Watch  glasses,  57. 
Pancreatic  juice  or  extract,  58.  Pig's  pancreas,  60. 
Mortar  and  pestle,  60.  Coarse,  well-washed  white 
sand,  60.  Glycerine,  60.  Pig's  liver,  60.  Two 
test-tubes,  corked,  60.  Toluene,  60.  Ethyl  buty- 
rate,  60.  Lipase,  aqueous  extract,  61.  Ice  water, 
61.  #o  KOH  solution,  61,  62,  63.  Neutral  lit- 
mus solution,  61.  Normal  oxalic  acid  solution,  61. 
Eosolic  acid,  61.  T£o  butyric  acid,  62.  Alco- 
hol, 13  per  cent,  62.  Glycerine  extract  of  pig's 
pancreas,  or  aqueous  extract  of  pig's  liver,  62. 
Isobutyric  acid,  62.  Neutralized  blood  serum,  62. 
Albert  biscuit,  67.  Eicin,  67.  Defibrinated  blood 
from  immunized   mouse,   70.     Defibrinated  rabbit 


APPENDIX  113 

blood,  76,  79.  Four  guinea-pigs,  76.  Guinea-pig 
serum,  76.  Fresh  guinea-pig  serum,  76.  Hydro- 
gen peroxide,  79,  81.  Guiac  resin  freshly  dis- 
solved in  alcohol,  79.  Malt,  concentrated  aqueous 
extract,  79.  Fresh  a-naphthol  solution,  79,  82. 
Sodium  carbonate,  79.  Para-phenylenediamine, 
79.  Bibulous  paper,  79.  Potassium  ferricyanide 
solution,  80.  Potassium  chromate  solution,  80. 
Finely  divided  frog's  liver,  80.  Two  fresh  pigs' 
livers,  80.  Several  thicknesses  of  gauze,  81.  y^ 
HC1  solution,  81.  Lacmoid,  81.  Wide-necked 
bottle,  81.  Fresh  nucleo-proteid,  81.  Hydrogen 
peroxide  apparatus,  81.  r\  NaOH  solution,  81. 
Eudiometer,  81.  Frog's  thymus  or  spleen,  82. 
Dog's  blood,  82.  Calf's  blood  containing  grape 
sugar,  83,  84.  Filter  pump  for  stream  of  air, 
83.  Acetic  acid,  1  per  cent,  83.  Chloroform,  84. 
Sodium  acetate,  saturated  solution,  84.  Ferric 
chloride,  2  per  cent,  84.  Dog's  pancreas,  85. 
Sterile  water  containing  0.2  per  cent  sulphuric 
acid,  85.  Pure  glucose,  85.  Fermentation  liquid, 
88.  Fermentation  liquid  in  alcoholic  fermenta- 
tion, 87.  Fresh  compressed  yeast,  88.  Sodium 
hydrate,  sp.  gr.  1.12,  89.  Distilling  flask,  89. 
Water  bath,  89.  Sodium  carbonate,  89.  Potassium 
dichromate,  89,     Dilute  sulphuric  acid,  89. 


Materials  for  Experiments  on  Blood 

Absorbent  cotton,  94.1  Three-sided  surgical 
needle,  94.  Benzol-chloroform  mixture,  sp.  gr., 
1,059,95.  Hydrometer,  95.  Chloroform,  95.  Benzol, 
95.  Glass  cylinder,  95.  Linen,  95.  Thoma-Zeiss  pi- 
pette for  red  corpuscles,  96.     Zappert-Ewing  ruled 

1  The  numbers  refer  to  pages  in  "Experiments  for  Students 
in  the  Harvard  Medical  School,"  third  edition. 

9 


114  PHYSIOLOGY  AT   HARVARD 

slide,  97.  Cover  glass,  97,  104.  Gower's  solution, 
97.  Alcohol,  99,  102.  Ether,  99.  Glacial  acetic  acid 
solution,  oue  third  of  one  per  cent,  99.  Carbon  mon- 
oxide haemoglobin  solution,  0.2  per  cent,  saturated 
with  carbon  monoxide,  100.  Two  containers  for 
haemoglobin  estimation,  100.  Sodium  hydrate  solu- 
tion, 0.1  percent,  100.  Engel  pipette,  marked  0.05 
and  5.0  ccm.,  100.  Blackened  tube,  101.  Eabbit, 
guinea-pig,  or  cat,  for  bleeding,  101.  7\  tartaric 
acid,  102.  Burette,  divided  1 :  20,  102.  Lacmoid 
paper,  impregnated  with  saturated  neutral  sodium 
chloride  solution,  103.  Glass  slide  with  metal  ring, 
104.  Vaseline,  104.  Pointed  glass  tube,  104.  The 
following  materials  are  required  for  the  experi- 
ments printed  on  additional  sheets :  cane  sugar 
solution,  0.5  per  cent;  watch  glass;  magnesium 
sulphate,  saturated  solution. 


Form  N. 


Harvard  Medical  School, 

Department  op  Physiology, 

1904. 


The  locker  keys  must  be  returned  to  the  me- 
chanic in  the  gallery  of  the  Physiological  Labora- 
tory between and , 

, The  deposit 

for  the  key  will  be  refunded  only  at  this  time. 
You  are  reminded  that  the  cost  of  replacing  lost 
apparatus,  the  repair  of  broken  parts,  and  the 
cleaning  of  apparatus  and  lockers  left  dirty  will 
be  charged  against  your  account. 

In  Booms  B  and  H,  at. o'clock 

morning,  receipts  will  be  issued  for  the  third  re- 
turn of  apparatus. 


APPENDIX  115 

[Third  Return  List.] 

,  1904 

The  following  apparatus  has  been  returned  by 

students and 

Room Desk 

Beakers,  4,  one  small. 
Board,  mesentery. 
Bottle,  with  curare. 

,  with  chrome  alum. 

,  with  0.6  per  cent  NaCl. 

,  with  Hg. 

,  2,  with  CaCl2  and  KC1  solutions. 

Boxes,  2  small  wooden. 

Bowl. 

Brush,  camel's-hair. 

Burner,  Bunsen,  with  tubing. 

,  fish-tail  with  perfect  tip. 

Cannula,  brass. 
Cells,  2  dry. 
Cement,  colophonium. 
Circulation  scheme. 
Clamp,  curved  iron. 

,  4  double  iron. 

,  femur,  see  muscle  clamp. 

Collar  button. 

Compressor  (Gaskell  clamp). 

Cylinder,  cardboard,  with  kymograph  paper. 

,  cardboard  box,  with  3  straws. 

Electrodes,  for  inductorium. 

,  4  needle,  with  2  small  corks. 

Electromagnetic  signal,  see  signal  magnet. 
Erog  board  with  4  clips. 
Funnel  ring. 
Heart  holder. 
Hooks,  S-shaped,  2. 


116  PHYSIOLOGY  AT  HARVARD 

Hooks,  double,  2. 

Inductorium. 

Jar,  battery. 

Key,  simple. 

Kymograph. 

Lever,  light  muscle,  with  vertical  pin. 

Ligatures,  thread,  on  spool. 

Manometer,  small  mercury,  with  glass  float,  glass 

rod,  and  rubber  dam. 
Membrane,  rubber  dam,  5  cm.  square. 
Millimetre  paper. 
Muscle  clamp. 
Paper  filter. 

,  for  writing  points. 

,  glazed,  with  cardboard  case. 

Pipette,  large  glass. 

,  fine  glass. 

,  with  rubber  bulb. 

Plate,  glass. 

Plethysmograph  tube   with  rubber   collar  4  cm. 

long. 
Porcelain  dish. 
Ring,  wire  fastener,  2. 
Rod,  glass. 

,  glass,  L-shaped. 

Saw,  vertebral. 

Scale  pan,  small. 

Signal  magnet. 

Sphygmograph  thistle  tube  with  rubber  tubing  and 

T-tube. 
Stands,  2  iron,  and  4  clamps. 

,  wooden. 

Straws,  3  in  case. 

Tambour,  with  finest  rubber  membrane. 

Tracing  holders,  3. 

Weights,  10  ten-gram. 

Wire,  fine  copper,  on  spool. 


APPENDIX  117 

Wires,  copper,  13,  each  60  cm.,  one  150  cm.  long. 
Wire  gauze. 

(Signed) 

For  Department  of  Physiology. 


Form  0. 

[List  of  apparatus  liable  to  be  broken.] 

Beakers 20  cents 

Boot  electrodes 10 

Capillary  tube  on  electrometer  ....  25 

Cover  to  moist  chamber 20 

Gas  chamber 10 

Glass  plate .  2 

Jar  of  Daniell  cell 25 

Pipettes 3 

Stirring-rod 2 

Tip  to  gas  burner 2 


iP39 


"DO  - 


